Changes in endosymbiont complexity drive host-level compensatory adaptations in cicadas

For insects that depend on one or more bacterial endosymbionts for survival, it is critical that these bacteria are faithfully transmitted between insect generations. Cicadas harbor two essential bacterial endosymbionts, Sulcia muelleri and Hodgkinia cicadicola. In some cicada species, Hodgkinia has fragmented into multiple distinct cellular and genomic lineages that can differ in abundance by more than two orders of magnitude. This complexity presents a potential problem for the host cicada, because low-abundance-but-essential Hodgkinia lineages risk being lost during the symbiont transmission bottleneck from mother to egg. Here we show that all cicada eggs seem to receive the full complement of Hodgkinia lineages, and that in cicadas with more complex Hodgkinia this outcome is achieved by increasing the number of Hodgkinia cells transmitted by up to six-fold. We further show that cicada species with varying Hodgkinia complexity do not visibly alter their transmission mechanism at the resolution of cell biological structures. Together these data suggest that a major cicada adaptation to changes in endosymbiont complexity is an increase in the number of Hodgkinia cells transmitted to each egg. We hypothesize that the requirement to increase the symbiont titer is one of the costs associated with Hodgkinia fragmentation.

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Changes in Endosymbiont Complexity Drive Host-Level Compensatory Adaptations in Cicadas

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02104-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Matthew A. Campbell ◽

Piotr Łukasik ◽

Mariah C. Meyer ◽

Mark Buckner ◽

Chris Simon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potential Problem ◽

Transmission Mechanism ◽

Endosymbiotic Bacterium ◽

Original Function ◽

Full Complement ◽

Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽

Symbiont Transmission ◽

Sap Feeding ◽

To Receive ◽

Splitting Process

ABSTRACTFor insects that depend on one or more bacterial endosymbionts for survival, it is critical that these bacteria are faithfully transmitted between insect generations. Cicadas harbor two essential bacterial endosymbionts, “CandidatusSulcia muelleri” and “CandidatusHodgkinia cicadicola.” In some cicada species,Hodgkiniahas fragmented into multiple distinct but interdependent cellular and genomic lineages that can differ in abundance by more than two orders of magnitude. This complexity presents a potential problem for the host cicada, because low-abundance but essentialHodgkinialineages risk being lost during the symbiont transmission bottleneck from mother to egg. Here we show that all cicada eggs seem to receive the full complement ofHodgkinialineages, and that in cicadas with more complexHodgkiniathis outcome is achieved by increasing the number ofHodgkiniacells transmitted by up to 6-fold. We further show that cicada species with varyingHodgkiniacomplexity do not visibly alter their transmission mechanism at the resolution of cell biological structures. Together these data suggest that a major cicada adaptation to changes in endosymbiont complexity is an increase in the number ofHodgkiniacells transmitted to each egg. We hypothesize that the requirement to increase the symbiont titer is one of the costs associated withHodgkiniafragmentation.IMPORTANCESap-feeding insects critically rely on one or more bacteria or fungi to provide essential nutrients that are not available at sufficient levels in their diets. These microbes are passed between insect generations when the mother places a small packet of microbes into each of her eggs before it is laid. We have previously described an unusual lineage fragmentation process in a nutritional endosymbiotic bacterium of cicadas calledHodgkinia. In some cicadas, a singleHodgkinialineage has split into numerous related lineages, each performing a subset of original function and therefore each required for normal host function. Here we test how this splitting process affects symbiont transmission to eggs. We find that cicadas dramatically increase the titer ofHodgkiniacells passed to each egg in response to lineage fragmentation, and we hypothesize that this increase in bacterial cell count is one of the major costs associated with endosymbiont fragmentation.

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Enhancement of antimicrobial diversity in situ through relaxed symbiont specificity in an insect/actinomycete partnership

10.1101/2020.12.02.394189 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rita de Cassia Pessotti ◽

Bridget L. Hansen ◽

Jewel N. Reaso ◽

Javier A. Ceja-Navarro ◽

Laila El-Hifnawi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Pathogen Resistance ◽

Transmission Mechanism ◽

Fecal Material ◽

Fungal Entomopathogen ◽

Symbiont Transmission ◽

Chemical Strategies

ABSTRACTSome insects form symbioses in which actinomycetes provide defense against pathogens by making antimicrobials. The range of chemical strategies employed across these symbioses, and how these strategies relate to insect social behavior and mechanisms of symbiont transmission, remains underexplored. Here, we assess subsocial passalid beetles Odontotaenius disjunctus (known as bessbugs), and their frass (fecal material), as a model insect/actinomycete system. Through chemical and phylogenetic analyses, we found that O. disjunctus associates with an exceptionally wide variety of actinomycetes and antimicrobials. Metabolites detected directly in frass displayed both synergistic and antagonistic inhibition of a fungal entomopathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae, and multiple streptomycete isolates inhibited this pathogen when co-cultivated directly in frass. Together, these findings support a model in which coprophagy as a vertical transmission mechanism leads to relaxed symbiote specificity, resulting in a rich and dynamic repertoire of antimicrobials that insulates O. disjunctus against the evolution of pathogen resistance.

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Trim Loop Closure for Enhanced CAD Interoperability

Volume 1: 30th Design Automation Conference ◽

10.1115/detc2004-57533 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Armand D. Assadi ◽

James H. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Model Space ◽

International Standards ◽

Missing Information ◽

Design Data ◽

Original Surface ◽

Downstream Application ◽

Development Cycle ◽

Full Complement ◽

Downstream Analysis ◽

To Receive

The transfer of design data among different CAD systems or subsequent downstream analysis applications is critically important to the acceleration of the product development cycle. Since each vendor has its own proprietary native file format, this transfer of data among differing systems is difficult at best. International standards such as IGES and STEP have evolved to address this challenge, but they are generally not sufficiently explicit. Each vendor writes its own “flavor” of the standard that other applications may not understand. This paper bridges a gap between disparate systems by developing a strategy to assess the completeness and robustness of models represented in IGES or STEP format, and a technique to either repair the representation or add missing information so that a downstream application can properly interpret it. The method ensures that the receiving system gets a full and accurate NURBS-based representation: the original surface, the corresponding full complement of model space trim curves, and the corresponding full complement of parameter space trim curves. With all the information present, the downstream system is more likely to receive the information it requires to interpret the model.

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Diversity of Symbiotic Organs and Bacterial Endosymbionts of Lygaeoid Bugs of the Families Blissidae and Lygaeidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea)

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.07191-11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (8) ◽

pp. 2648-2659 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Stefan Martin Kuechler ◽

Patricia Renz ◽

Konrad Dettner ◽

Siegfried Kehl

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome ◽

Content Type ◽

Evolutionary Origins ◽

Host Phylogeny ◽

Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽

Symbiont Transmission ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase

ABSTRACTHere we present comparative data on the localization and identity of intracellular symbionts among the superfamily Lygaeoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha). Five different lygaeoid species from the families Blissidae and Lygaeidae (sensu stricto; including the subfamilies Lygaeinae and Orsillinae) were analyzed. Fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) revealed that all the bugs studied possess paired bacteriomes that are differently shaped in the abdomen and harbor specific endosymbionts therein. The endosymbionts were also detected in female gonads and at the anterior poles of developing eggs, indicating vertical transmission of the endosymbionts via ovarial passage, in contrast to the posthatch symbiont transmission commonly found among pentatomoid bugs (Pentatomomorpha: Pentatomoidea). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA andgroELgenes showed that the endosymbionts ofIschnodemus sabuleti,Arocatus longiceps,Belonochilus numenius,Orsillus depressus, andOrtholomus punctipennisconstitute at least four distinct clades in theGammaproteobacteria. The endosymbiont phylogeny did not agree with the host phylogeny based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, but there was a local cospeciating pattern within the subfamily Orsillinae. Meanwhile, the endosymbiont ofBelonochilus numenius(Lygaeidae: Orsillinae), although harbored in paired bacteriomes as in other lygaeoid bugs of the related generaNysius,Ortholomus, andOrsillus, was phylogenetically close to “CandidatusRohrkolberia cinguli,” the endosymbiont ofChilacis typhae(Lygaeoidea: Artheneidae), suggesting an endosymbiont replacement in this lineage. The diverse endosymbionts and the differently shaped bacteriomes may reflect independent evolutionary origins of the endosymbiotic systems among lygaeoid bugs.

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Design of Reliable Serial Port Transmission Mechanism Based on Zigbee

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.93 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 539 ◽

pp. 93-96

Author(s):

Li Hui Li ◽

Jia Rong Zhu

Keyword(s):

Data Packet ◽

Transmission Mechanism ◽

Serial Port ◽

Industrial Control ◽

Important Data ◽

Sequence Number ◽

The Core ◽

Reliable Transmission ◽

Other Information ◽

To Receive

In order to ensure the reliable transmission of important data between the host computers in fields of industrial control based on Zigbee. We designed a reliable serial transmission mechanism. The core of the mechanism is as follows: first identified the data packet with a sequence number, if the receiving node received a data packet, then compared the sequence number in the data package with expected sequence number, and determined whether to receive the data package and sends it to the host computer. Three values of the variable represented three kinds of status respectively, namely, data has been successfully sent, received duplicate packet and serial port is busy. Receiving node returned status identifier and other information to sending node. According to the statuses of data has been successfully sent or received duplicate packet, sending node would set the send status to allow transmitting new data. As to the case serial port is busy, the sending node would resend the old data package later. Experimental results show that this system is stable and reliable, with good adaptability.

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Parasitoids as vectors of facultative bacterial endosymbionts in aphids

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2012.0144 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 613-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 105

Author(s):

Lukas Gehrer ◽

Christoph Vorburger

Keyword(s):

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Aphis Fabae ◽

Diagnostic Pcr ◽

Sexual Generation ◽

Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽

Symbiont Transmission ◽

Hamiltonella Defensa ◽

The Many ◽

First Time ◽

Male To Female

Heritable bacterial endosymbionts play an important role in aphid ecology. Sequence-based evidence suggests that facultative symbionts such as Hamiltonella defensa or Regiella insecticola also undergo horizontal transmission. Other than through male-to-female transfer during the sexual generation in autumn, the routes by which this occurs remain largely unknown. Here, we tested if parasitoids or ectoparasitic mites can act as vectors for horizontal transfer of facultative symbionts. Using symbiont-specific primers for diagnostic PCR, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that parasitoids can indeed transfer H. defensa and R. insecticola by sequentially stabbing infected and uninfected individuals of their host, Aphis fabae , establishing new, heritable infections. Thus, a natural route of horizontal symbiont transmission is also available during the many clonal generations of the aphid life cycle. No transmissions by ectoparasitic mites were observed, nor did parasitoids that emerged from symbiont-infected aphids transfer any symbionts in our experiments.

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Endosymbiont Transmission Mode in Bacterial Leaf Nodulation as Revealed by a Population Genetic Study of Psychotria leptophylla

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.06130-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 284-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Benny Lemaire ◽

Steven Janssens ◽

Erik Smets ◽

Steven Dessein

Keyword(s):

Genetic Study ◽

Population Genetic ◽

Transmission Mode ◽

Population Genetic Study ◽

Vertical Inheritance ◽

Content Type ◽

Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽

Symbiont Transmission ◽

Horizontal Transfers

ABSTRACTLeaf-nodulated plants are colonized by vertically inherited bacterial endosymbionts, which maintain symbioses throughout host generations. The permanent character of the interaction implies phylogenetic congruence between the host and the endosymbiont. However, the present population genetic study ofPsychotria leptophyllaprovides evidence for a mixed symbiont transmission involving both vertical inheritance and horizontal transfers from the environment.

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A Study of Thermosbaena Mirabilis (Malacostraca, Peracarida) and its Reproduction

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s3-103.62.261 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol s3-103 (62) ◽

pp. 261-286

Author(s):

D. BARKER

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Segment ◽

The Body ◽

Brood Pouch ◽

Female Reproductive System ◽

Thoracic Region ◽

Internal Fertilization ◽

Main Food ◽

Full Complement ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

To Receive

Knowledge of the anatomy of Thermosbaena is extended as follows: (i) The topography of the head and anterior thoracic region, and the orientation and relationships of the mouthparts and anterior appendages are described, (ii) A branchial chamber is located underneath each lateral carapace flap, (iii) ‘Skin’ glands are demonstrated to occur at the bases of the paragnaths, maxillules, and maxillipedes; in the labrum and in the mandibular palps; in the groove leading from the food basin to the paragnath bases; and in the basal segments of the endopodites of peraeopods II-V. The function of these glands is obscure; histochemical tests indicate that they do not secrete mucus, (iv) The posterior aorta is traced from the heart to the level of the first abdominal segment, where it bifurcates into 2 lateral vessels which diverge to each side of the intestine, (v) Four conditions of the female reproductive system are distinguished, namely, the immature, mature, copulatory, and brood-pouch conditions; temporary seminal receptacles are formed by dilatation of the oviducts in the copulatory condition. An inhalant respiratory current is produced by oscillation of the maxillipede epipodites in the branchial chambers. The exhalant respiratory current emerges via carapace lappets on either side of the head. Thermosbaena feeds on particles of detritus suspended in a mucilaginous matrix that is probably derived from the mucilaginous sheaths of the Cyanophyceae in the diet. A main food-stream appears to be driven forwards between the peraeopods, through a channel formed by the maxillipede bases to the food basin, and from thence along a ventral groove and between the paragnath bases to the oral cavity. It is possible that the main food-stream is augmented by detritus brought by the inhalant respiratory current, and by lateral feeding currents drawn in from the sides. Following internal fertilization, early segmentation of the embryo occurs within the ovaries. The blastomeres are first formed within the body of the yolk and subsequently rise to the surface, the segmentation thus resembling that of Hemimysis and Mesopodopsis. The embryos are transferred to the dorsal brood-pouch shortly after segmentation begins, probably by expulsion from the posteriorly directed vaginae while the female is upside down, followed by suction into the brood-pouch with the inhalant respiratory current. The embryos emerge from the brood-pouch as miniature adults with the full complement of peraeopods. There appears to be no transitory 7th abdominal ganglion. Thermosbaena is probably paedomorphic in certain respects and less primitive than Monodella. There are insufficient grounds for establishing a new malacostracan division Pancarida, as advocated by Siewing (1958), to receive the Thermosbaenacea.

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E3 ubiquitin ligases

Essays in Biochemistry ◽

10.1042/bse0410015 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 15-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 123

Author(s):

Helen C. Ardley ◽

Philip A. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Protein Complexes ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Direct Role ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Substrate Protein ◽

Protein Ubiquitination ◽

C Terminus ◽

Full Complement ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Eukaryotic Organisms

The selectivity of the ubiquitin–26 S proteasome system (UPS) for a particular substrate protein relies on the interaction between a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2, of which a cell contains relatively few) and a ubiquitin–protein ligase (E3, of which there are possibly hundreds). Post-translational modifications of the protein substrate, such as phosphorylation or hydroxylation, are often required prior to its selection. In this way, the precise spatio-temporal targeting and degradation of a given substrate can be achieved. The E3s are a large, diverse group of proteins, characterized by one of several defining motifs. These include a HECT (homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus), RING (really interesting new gene) or U-box (a modified RING motif without the full complement of Zn2+-binding ligands) domain. Whereas HECT E3s have a direct role in catalysis during ubiquitination, RING and U-box E3s facilitate protein ubiquitination. These latter two E3 types act as adaptor-like molecules. They bring an E2 and a substrate into sufficiently close proximity to promote the substrate's ubiquitination. Although many RING-type E3s, such as MDM2 (murine double minute clone 2 oncoprotein) and c-Cbl, can apparently act alone, others are found as components of much larger multi-protein complexes, such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Taken together, these multifaceted properties and interactions enable E3s to provide a powerful, and specific, mechanism for protein clearance within all cells of eukaryotic organisms. The importance of E3s is highlighted by the number of normal cellular processes they regulate, and the number of diseases associated with their loss of function or inappropriate targeting.

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Minneapolis SLPs to Receive Salary Increase

ASHA Leader ◽

10.1044/leader.scm1.06192001.1 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 (19) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mary M. Annett

Keyword(s):

Salary Increase ◽

To Receive

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