scholarly journals Dopaminergic genes are associated with both directed and random exploration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Gershman ◽  
Bastian Greshake Tzovaras

AbstractIn order to maximize long-term rewards, agents must balance exploitation (choosing the option with the highest payoff) and exploration (gathering information about options that might have higher payoffs). Although the optimal solution to this trade-off is intractable, humans make use of two effective strategies: selectively exploring options with high uncertainty (directed exploration), and increasing the randomness of their choices when they are more uncertain (random exploration). Using a task that independently manipulates these two forms of exploration, we show that single nucleotide polymorphisms related to dopamine are associated with individual differences in exploration strategies. Variation in a gene linked to prefrontal dopamine (COMT) predicted the degree of directed exploration, as well as the overall randomness of responding. Variation in a gene linked to striatal dopamine (DARPP-32) predicted the degree of both directed and random exploration. These findings suggest that dopamine makes multiple contributions to exploration, depending on its afferent target.

Author(s):  
А.А. Аклеев ◽  
Е.А. Блинова ◽  
А.В. Аклеев

Актуальность. Поиск молекулярно-генетических предикторов злокачественных новообразований важен как для понимания патогенетических механизмов отдалённых последствий облучения человека в малых дозах и с низкой мощностью дозы, так и для персонификации их радиационного риска. Цель. Исследовать связь однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (ОНП) генов, регулирующих иммунные реакции, с показателями системного иммунитета у облученных людей в отдалённые сроки. Методы. Через 60 и более лет после начала хронического облучения в широком диапазоне доз (диапазон индивидуальных значений: 0,08-4,46 Гр) обследовано 384 жителя прибрежных сел реки Течи. Проанализировано влияние носительства ОНП генов (PAD4 rs874881, MPO rs2333227, NOX2 rs4673, а также IL1b rs1143634, IL2 rs2069762, IL4 rs2070874, IL6 rs1800795, IL8 rs4073, IL10 rs1800871, IL10 rs1800872, TNFα rs361525, MAPK8 rs2239815, STAT3 rs1053023, GATA3 rs4143094 и NF-κB1 rs28362491) на показатели системного иммунитета. Результаты. Установлено модифицирующее влияние полиморфных вариантов генов MAPK8 rs2239815, NF-κB1 rs28362491, STAT3 rs1053023 и GATA3 rs4143094 на численность основных субпопуляций лимфоцитов в периферической крови; IL10 rs1800872 и PAD4 rs874881, соответственно, - на содержание сывороточных ИЛ-10 и ФНО-α. Полиморфизмы IL2 rs2069762, IL6 rs1800795, IL12 rs3212227 и MPО rs2333227 оказывали модифицирующее влияние на функциональное состояние иммунокомпетентных клеток у облученных людей в отдалённые сроки. Заключение. Однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы генов, вовлеченные в регуляцию иммунитета, могут рассматриваться в качестве потенциальных биомаркёров, ассоциированных с радиационно-индуцированными изменениями системного иммунитета, и предикторов отдалённых последствий облучения человека, прежде всего, злокачественных новообразований. Background. The search for molecular genetic predictors for malignant neoplasms is important for both understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms for long-term consequences of low dose and low dose rate exposure of people, and for personification of their radiation risk. The aim was to study the connection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of genes regulating immune responses with systemic immune parameters in exposed persons in the long-term. Methods. 384 residents of the Techa riverside settlements were examined 60 and more years after the onset of chronic exposure to a wide range of doses (range of individual values: 0.08-4.46 Gy). Effects of carrying SNP genes (PAD4 rs874881, MPO rs2333227, NOX2 rs4673, as well as IL1b rs1143634, IL2 rs2069762, IL4 rs2070874, IL6 rs1800795, IL8 rs4073, IL10 rs1800871, IL10 rs1800872, TNFα rs361525, MAPK8 rs2239815, STAT3 rs1053023, GATA3 rs4143094 and NF-κB1 rs28362491) on systemic immune parameters were studied. Results. MAPK8 rs2239815, NF-κB1 rs28362491, STAT3 rs1053023 and GATA3 rs4143094 gene polymorphisms exerted a modifying effect on the number of main subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes; IL10 rs1800872 and PAD4 rs874881, respectively, modified serum concentrations of IL-10 and TNFα. Polymorphisms IL2 rs2069762, IL6 rs1800795, IL12 rs3212227 and MPО rs2333227 modified the functional status of immunocompetent cells in exposed persons in the long-term. Conclusion. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes involved in immune regulation can be considered as potential biomarkers associated with radiation-induced changes in the systemic immunity and as predictors for long-term consequences in exposed persons, primarily for malignant neoplasms.


2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y M Park ◽  
S Y Roh ◽  
D I Lee ◽  
J Shim ◽  
J.-I Choi ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The status of SNPs among patients with extremely early-onset lone AF and the association with outcome of catheter ablation has not been evaluated before. This study evaluated the status of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Korean patients with early-onset (<40 years old) lone AF and effects on the outcome after catheter ablation. Methods A total of 89 consecutive patients (mean age 35.7±3.7 years, 81 males) with drug-refractory AF (paroxysmal 64.0%) who underwent catheter ablation were included. Sixteen SNPs including rs13376333, rs10465885, rs10033464, rs2200733, rs17042171, rs6843082, rs7193343, rs2106261, rs17570669, rs853445, rs11708996, rs6800541, rs251253, rs3807989, rs11047543 and rs3825214 were genotyped. Serial 48-day Holter electrocardiographic recordings were acquired to detect AF recurrences during long-term follow up. Results Wild type of rs7193343 [CC; 0/7 (0%) vs. CT; 22/40 (55.0%) vs. TT; 18/41 (43.9%), p=0.025] and rs11047543 [GG; 26/69 (37.7%) vs. GA; 13/18 (72.2%) vs. AA; 0/0, p=0.009] and homozygous variant of rs3825214 [AA; 16/31 (51.6%) vs. AG; 22/43 (51.2%) vs. GG; 2/13 (15.4%), p=0.05] were significantly associated with lower rate of late recurrence. When the patients were assigned to four groups according to the number of risk alleles (n=0–3), Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed incremental prognostic value according to the number of variant alleles (p=0.002) (Figure 1). Figure 1 Conclusions Polymorphisms on rs7193343, rs3825214 and rs11047543 modulate the risk for AF recurrence after catheter ablation during long term follow up in Korean patients with early-onset lone AF. Acknowledgement/Funding Korean Society of Cardiology


2016 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Colicino ◽  
Giulia Giuliano ◽  
Melinda C. Power ◽  
Johanna Lepeule ◽  
Elissa H. Wilker ◽  
...  

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. S75-S75
Author(s):  
Weifeng Zhu ◽  
Zhuoqi Liu ◽  
Daya Luo ◽  
Xinyao Wu ◽  
Fusheng Wan

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