scholarly journals How do wind speed, release height, seed morphology interact to determine seed dispersal trajectory of Calligonum (Polygonaceae) species Wind speed, release height, seed morphology determine seed dispersal trajectory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanlai Zhou ◽  
Zhimin Liu ◽  
Zhiming Xin ◽  
Jianqiang Qian ◽  
Yongcui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Wind Loading ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
Release Height

AbstractHow seed dispersal trajectory shifts with abiotic and biotic factors and what is the relationship between seed dispersal distance and dispersal trajectory are remain unclear. We used wind tunnel and video camera to track the seed dispersal trajectory of 7 Calligonum species with different appendages under the different wind speeds and the release heights. Dispersal trajectories and distances were determined by video analysis and spatial coordinate transformation. Based on perspective principle, 4 modes of trajectories were determined. Wind speed, seed mass and release height were the key factors determining seed dispersal trajectory modes. Release height and wind speed tended to have the strongest explanatory power on seeds with bristles and wings, respectively. Different trajectory modes lead to different dispersal distance, while the same dispersal distance can be the result of different trajectory modes. The proportion of species’ trajectory modes formed its trajectory spectrum. Wind speed tends to have strong influence on light and low-wind-loading seeds, release height tends to have that on heavy and high-wind-loading seeds. Species with high proportion of horizontal projectile and projectile have high dispersal capacity, vice versa. Therefore, trajectory spectrum of a species reveals its primary dispersal strategies and evolutionary consequences.

scholarly journals Relationship between seed morphological traits and wind dispersal trajectory

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanlai Zhou ◽  
Zhimin Liu ◽  
Zhiming Xin ◽  
Stefani Daryanto ◽  
Lixin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Wind Dispersal ◽  
Wing Loading ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Release Height

The structure and dynamics of plant populations and communities are largely influenced by seed dispersal. How the wind dispersal trajectory of seeds shifts with differences in seed morphology remains unknown. We used a wind tunnel and video camera to track the dispersal trajectory of seven species of Calligonum whose seeds have different kinds of appendages and other morphological traits, using variable wind speeds and release heights to determine the relationship between seed morphological traits and wind dispersal trajectory. Concave-, straight-line-, horizontal-projectile- and projectile-shaped trajectories were found. Dispersal trajectories such as the horizontal projectile (HP) and projectile (P) tended to have a long dispersal distance. Straight line (SL) and concave curve (CC) trajectories tended to have a short dispersal distance. Seeds with bristles and large mass tended to have SL and CC trajectories, those with wings or balloon and small mass tended to have HP and P trajectories. Wind speed tended to have a stronger influence on the dispersal trajectory of light and low-wing-loading seeds, and release height tended to have a stronger influence on the dispersal trajectory of heavy and high-wing-loading seeds. Thus, seed wind dispersal trajectory is not only determined by seed morphological characteristics but also by environmental factors such as wind speed and release height.

Seed dispersal distance is more strongly correlated with plant height than with seed mass

2011 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1299-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona J. Thomson ◽  
Angela T. Moles ◽  
Tony D. Auld ◽  
Richard T. Kingsford
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Seed Dispersal Distance

scholarly journals Plant canopy may promote seed dispersal by wind

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanping Qin ◽  
Wei Liang ◽  
Zhimin Liu ◽  
Minghu Liu ◽  
Carol C. Baskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Seed Dispersal Distance ◽  
Made In

AbstractSeed dispersal has received much research attention. The plant canopy can intercept diaspores, but the effect of the plant canopy (the aboveground portion of a plant consisting of branches and leaves) on dispersal distance has not been explored empirically. To determine the effect of plant canopy on seed dispersal distance, a comparison of diaspores falling through open air and through plant canopy was made in a wind tunnel using three wind speeds and diaspores with various traits. Compared with diaspores falling through open air, the dispersal distance of diaspores falling through plant canopy was decreased or increased, depending on wind speed and diaspore traits. When falling through a plant canopy, dispersal distance of diaspores with thorns or those without appendages was promoted at low wind speed (2 m s−1), while that of diaspores with low wing loading (0.5 mg mm−2) and terminal velocity (2.5 m s−1) was promoted by relatively high (6 m s−1) wind speed. A plant canopy could increase seed dispersal distance, which may be due to the complicated updraft generated by canopy. The effect of maternal plants on seed dispersal regulates the distribution pattern and the species composition of the community.

Seed dispersal capacity of six perennial grassland species measured in a wind tunnel at varying wind speed and height

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. van Dorp ◽  
W. P. M. van den Hoek ◽  
C. Daleboudt
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Wind Gust ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Perennial Grassland ◽  
Release Height ◽  
Dispersal Distances

The dispersal capacity of six perennial grassland species with different seed aerodynamic attributes was assessed in a wind tunnel. The selected species have difficulty in recolonizing restored ecosystems because of a poor dispersal of seeds. The variation in dispersal distances of seeds within and between species was assessed by releasing seeds at varying wind speeds and release heights, and expressed as 1st percentile, mode, and 99th percentile values. Dispersal distances of long-range dispersed seeds (99th percentile values) increased exponentially with wind speed. At wind speeds of 14 m/s, predicted maximum distances are 10–15 m for small and relatively heavy spherical seeds and 20–30 m for large and relatively light cylindrical or disk-like seeds. In the study area, wind gusts > 10 m/s at plant height occur at least annually, and plants of the selected species live up to several decades. This suggests a great potential for long-range dispersal during the lifetime of a plant. Plants may gain wider dispersal of seeds by increasing the release height (e.g., taller infructescences) and by requiring stronger winds to release seeds (e.g., dispersal in autumn and winter). Keywords: dispersal, wind tunnel, seeds, perennial, wind gust.

Seed mass, seed dispersal capacity, and seedling performance in aPinus sylvestrispopulation

Ecoscience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Debain ◽  
Thomas Curt ◽  
Jacques Lepart
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Seedling Performance

scholarly journals Seed-Dispersal Ability of the Invasive Perennial Vines Vincetoxicum nigrum and Vincetoxicum rossicum

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio DiTommaso ◽  
Courtney A. Stokes ◽  
Stéphane Cordeau ◽  
Lindsey R. Milbrath ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Settling Rate ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Vincetoxicum Rossicum ◽  
Release Height ◽  
Source Populations

AbstractBlack swallowwort [Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench] and pale swallowwort [Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barb.] are perennial vines of European origin that invade natural areas and perennial cropping systems in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Both species reproduce via wind-dispersed seeds in the form of achenes with comas, but little is known about the extent of dispersal of these seeds. We studied the relationship of seed release height (0.75 m, 2 m), wind speed at the time of release, seed mass, and settling rate on distance traveled. Vincetoxicum nigrum and V. rossicum seeds traveled up to 72.1 and 79.6 m, respectively. Seeds of both species released from 2 m traveled greater distances than seeds released from 0.75 m, which fell within 20 m of the release point. Release height was the most important factor influencing long-distance dispersal events. Wind speed also strongly interacted with release height for long-distance dispersal of V. nigrum. Vincetoxicum nigrum seed mass was greater and settling rates faster than for V. rossicum. Increasing seed mass generally increased settling rate, which in turn decreased distance traveled, except in V. rossicum, for which longer distance–dispersing seeds had a faster settling rate. Our findings suggest that management efforts focus on reducing the presence of these two vines, especially if there is potential for them to climb up taller vegetation such as trees. Seeds released from these greater heights are more likely to travel far from source populations and initiate new populations. Preventing seed production in small, nonclimbing patches will also help suppress the expansion of these two vines, as seeds can still disperse up to 20 m away from parent plants.

Seed traits favouring dispersal and establishment of six epiphyticTillandsia(Bromeliaceae) species

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahlleli Chilpa-Galván ◽  
Judith Márquez-Guzmán ◽  
Gerhard Zotz ◽  
Ileana Echevarría-Machado ◽  
José Luis Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Seed Length ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
Ecological Implications

AbstractThere are a number of studies describing the gross range of morpho-anatomical variability in epiphyticTillandsiaspecies, but the interspecific variation in seed traits remain largely unexplored, although these play an important role in determining dispersal and establishment success. In order to evaluate interspecific variation in seed morphology, anatomy and germination, we sampled sixTillandsiaspecies from the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, distributed along a precipitation gradient. We studied morpho-anatomical traits (seed length, seed mass, ratio of coma to seed, ratio of embryo to endosperm), seed terminal velocity in still air, and performed histochemical analyses and germination trials under controlled conditions.Tillandsia recurvatadiffers from the other five species in the structure of the plumose coma; it was the only species lacking an endosperm and showed distinct seedling development. Among the species, bigger seeds were related to longer comas, and had higher germinability. Overall, seed terminal velocity was invariably slow, compared with reports of other anemochorous species, suggesting a high dispersal potential. Taxonomical and ecological implications of our results are discussed.

scholarly journals Long-distance dispersal of oilseed rape seeds: The role of grain trailers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Bailleul ◽  
Sébastien Ollier ◽  
Jane Lecomte
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Feral Populations

AbstractIn agroecosystems, anthropogenic activities can modify the natural dispersal capacity of crops and their capacity to establish feral populations. In the case of oilseed rape (OSR), seed spillage from grain trailers during harvest was first quantified by an in situ scientific study (Selommes, Loir-et-Cher, France). Demographic analysis of seeds collected from 85 traps set on road verges suggested that OSR dispersal distance due to seed spillage from grain trailers can be up to 400m. In the present study, we used SSR markers to genotype seeds collected from trap-sites and from surrounding OSR fields to precisely estimate the distances between traps and fields. Trailer directions on each road were also considered. Few seeds (5.8%) were not linked to a field in the studied area, while most of the seeds (59.2%) were linked to a field situated over 400 m away. The overall mean dispersal distance was 1250 m. It ranged from 308 m to 1392 m for one-lane roads, and from 1048 m to 1404 m for two-lane roads. Events of seed dispersal at greater distances (> 5 km) were rare but still possible. It thus follows that OSR seed dispersal due to spillage from grain trailers should be carefully considered in the context of genetically modified plant cultivation.

Myrmecochory in the Zingiberaceae: seed removal of Globba franciscii and G. propinqua by ants (Hymenoptera – Formicidae) in rain forests on Borneo

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Pfeiffer ◽  
Jamili Nais ◽  
K. Eduard Linsenmair
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Ant Dispersal ◽  
Important Benefit ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Ant Diversity ◽  
Old World Tropics

The Old-World tropics encompass one of the floristically richest zones of the world and some of the hot spots of ant diversity. This results in a large variety of ecological interactions between both groups. One of them is the phenomenon of myrmecochory, seed dispersal by ants, which is also well known from temperate forests (Gorb & Gorb 2003, Ulbrich 1919), and which is most prominent in sclerophyll shrublands of Australia and southern Africa (Andersen 1988). Beattie (1983), who reviewed the distribution of ant-dispersed plants (at least 80 plant families worldwide) proposed that species richness and abundance of myrmecochores and diaspore-dispersing ants increases with decreasing latitude and thus predicted a greater variety of ant-dispersal systems in the tropics. However, up to now, few tropical myrmecochores have been described (Horvitz 1981, Horvitz & Schemske 1986), especially in the palaeotropics (Kaufmann et al. 2001). Here we report myrmecochory in two species of rain-forest herb of the Zingiberaceae, give the first evidence for seed dispersal by ants in this plant family and present a list of seed-dispersing ant species. An important benefit of myrmecochory is the dispersal distance of the ant-transported seeds (Andersen 1988), that has been found to be positively correlated with ant size (Gomez & Espadaler 1998a, Pudlo et al. 1980). In this study, we checked whether this correlation is also true for the conditions of the tropical rain forest, where Globba plants occur.

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