scholarly journals Genetic structure of invasive baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata) populations in a freshwater Michigan dune system

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailee B. Leimbach – Maus ◽  
Syndell R. Parks ◽  
Charlyn G. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Gypsophila Paniculata ◽  
Pitcher's Thistle ◽  
Main Population

ABSTRACTCoastal sand dunes are dynamic ecosystems with elevated levels of disturbance, and as such they are highly susceptible to plant invasions. One such invasion that is of major concern to the Great Lakes dune systems is that of perennial baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata). The invasion of baby’s breath negatively impacts native species such as the federal threatened Pitcher’s thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) that occupy the open sand habitat of the Michigan dune system. Our research goals were to (1) quantify the genetic diversity of invasive baby’s breath populations in the Michigan dune system, and (2) estimate the genetic structure of these invasive populations. We analyzed 12 populations at 14 nuclear and 2 chloroplast microsatellite loci. We found strong genetic structure among populations of baby’s breath sampled along Michigan’s dunes (global FST = 0.228), and also among two geographic regions that are separated by the Leelanau peninsula. Pairwise comparisons using the nSSR data among all 12 populations yielded significant FST values. Results from a Bayesian clustering analysis suggest two main population clusters. Isolation by distance was found over all 12 populations (R = 0.755, P < 0.001) and when only cluster 2 populations were included (R = 0.523, P = 0.030); populations within cluster 1 revealed no significant relationship (R = 0.205, P = 0.494). Private nSSR alleles and cpSSR haplotypes within each cluster suggest the possibility of at least two separate introduction events to Michigan.

scholarly journals Genetic Structure of Invasive Baby’s Breath (Gypsophila paniculata L.) Populations in a Michigan Dune System

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailee B. Leimbach-Maus ◽  
Eric M. McCluskey ◽  
Alexandra Locher ◽  
Syndell R. Parks ◽  
Charlyn G. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Gypsophila Paniculata

Coastal sand dunes are dynamic ecosystems with elevated levels of disturbance and are highly susceptible to plant invasions. One invasive plant that is of concern to the Great Lakes system is Gypsophila paniculata L. (perennial baby’s breath). The presence of G. paniculata negatively impacts native species and has the potential to alter ecosystem dynamics. Our research goals were to (1) estimate the genetic structure of invasive G. paniculata along the Michigan dune system and (2) identify landscape features that influence gene flow in this area. We analyzed 12 populations at 14 nuclear and two chloroplast microsatellite loci. We found strong genetic structure among populations (global FST = 0.228), and pairwise comparisons among all populations yielded significant FST values. Results from clustering analysis via STRUCTURE and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) suggest two main genetic clusters that are separated by the Leelanau Peninsula, and this is supported by the distribution of chloroplast haplotypes. Land cover and topography better explained pairwise genetic distances than geographic distance alone, suggesting that these factors influence the genetic distribution of populations within the dunes system. Together, these data aid in our understanding of how invasive populations move through the dune landscape, providing valuable information for managing the spread of this species.

Restoration of coastal dunes breached by pipeline landfalls in north-east Scotland

1989 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ritchie ◽  
C. H. Gimingham
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Surface Stability ◽  
North East ◽  
Marram Grass

SynopsisSix major oil and natural gas pipelines make landfalls on the coastline of north-east Scotland. Four land at St Fergus, one at Cruden Bay and one at Shandwick. The Cruden Bay line dates from 1973: at St Fergus landfalls were made in 1975, 1976 and 1984: and at Shandwick in 1979. With the exception of the Shandwick landfall, the pipelines cross relatively wide sandy beaches with associated dune ridges. All the pipelines were laid using a simple trenching technique whereby a beach trench was dug and a large V-shaped cut made through the main foredune ridge and interior backslope, inner dunes or slack environments. All these landforms were replaced quickly by backfilling. Thereafter, physical devices such as nets, brushwood, sand trapping fences and bitumen sprays ensured surface stability. Equally important was a replanting programme which had two main components: – hand-planted marram grass and agriculturally seeded grass mixtures. Topsoil was added, fertiliser was applied and other cultivation practices were used.Since 1973, several surveys of the progress and success of these restoration procedures have been made. On the whole, landform stability has been very satisfactory. Re-vegetation has met with mixed success, especially with regard to those changes which could be described as the gradual re-invasion of natural or local plant associations to replace the artificially planted species. Various lengths of time have ensued, and in some examples the rate and pattern of re-vegetation have been examined by means of periodic sampling. This has made possible reasonable assessments of the influence of local environment factors on the ability of sown species to establish and create a sward, the extent to which they persist over a period of years, and the ability of native species from the neighbouring dune system to re-invade and compete successfully in the developing turf. Standard methods have been used for planting marram grass to stabilise the steeper seaward sand slopes, but these are reviewed in the light of results of recent experimental studies of various planting techniques. The possibilities for exploiting these findings in the rehabilitation of any future pipeline crossings of dunes are considered. Since slightly different re-vegetation procedures were adopted in the several dune crossings under review, it is also possible to comment on the optimum solutions to restoration problems of this kind which are associated with mature coastal sand dunes.

scholarly journals Increasing status of non-native vascular plants in the Sefton Coast sand-dune system, north Merseyside, UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Dune Heath ◽  
Mobile Dune

Over 460 non-native (alien) taxa were recorded in a Sefton Coast sand-dune vascular plant inventory, their proportion in the flora increasing after 1999. Between 2005/06 and 2018, twice as many non-native as native plants were found. An analysis of occurrences of native and non-native taxa in six major habitat types found that a higher proportion of aliens was present in scrub/woodland and disturbed ground, while native plants had more occurrences in fixed dunes/dune grasslands, dune heath and wetlands. No differences between the two groups were detected for strandline/shingle and embryo/mobile dune habitats. Twenty-four non-native and 14 native taxa showed invasive characteristics in the duneland. The former included especially Hippophae rhamnoides and Rosa rugosa, both constituting major threats to sand-dune biodiversity. Particularly invasive native plants were Arrhenatherum elatius, Betula spp., Salix cinerea, and Ulex europaea. The main findings accord with studies elsewhere in Britain and Europe showing recent increases of neophytes in semi-natural habitats and that both non-native and native species can have invasive traits. The open habitats of coastal dunes seem to be particularly susceptible to plant invasions.

Genetic Relationships of Cory's Shearwater: Parentage, Mating Assortment, and Geographic Differentiation Revealed by DNA Fingerprinting

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Rabouam ◽  
Vincent Bretagnolle ◽  
Yves Bigot ◽  
Georges Periquet
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Dna Fingerprinting ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Cory’S Shearwater ◽  
Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Calonectris Diomedea

Abstract We used DNA fingerprinting to assess genetic structure of populations in Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea). We analyzed mates and parent-offspring relationships, as well as the amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among populations, from the level of subcolony to subspecies. We found no evidence of extrapair fertilization, confirming that the genetic breeding system matches the social system that has been observed in the species. Mates were closely related, and the level of genetic relatedness within populations was within the range usually found in inbred populations. In contrast to previous studies based on allozymes and mtDNA polymorphism, DNA fingerprinting using microsatellites revealed consistent levels of genetic differentiation among populations. However, analyzing the two subspecies separately revealed that the pattern of genetic variation among populations did not support the model of isolation by distance. Natal dispersal, as well as historic and/or demographic events, probably contributed to shape the genetic structure of populations in the species.

scholarly journals Genetic population structure of the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus thymalli and its host European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in a large Norwegian lake

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Alexander Pettersen ◽  
Claudia Junge ◽  
Kjartan Østbye ◽  
Tor Atle Mo ◽  
Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Thymallus Thymallus ◽  
Homing Behavior ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Monogenean Parasite ◽  
European Grayling ◽  
Genetic Clusters

Abstract Understanding how populations are structured in space and time is a central question in evolutionary biology. Parasites and their hosts are assumed to evolve together, however, detailed understanding of mechanisms leading to genetic structuring of parasites and their hosts are lacking. As a parasite depends on its host, studying the genetic structure of both parasite and host can reveal important insights into these mechanisms. Here, genetic structure of the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus thymalli and its host the European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) was investigated in 10 tributaries draining into the large Lake Mjøsa in Norway. The population genetic structure of spawning grayling was studied using microsatellite genotyping, while G. thymalli was studied by sequencing a mitochondrial DNA gene (dehydrogenase subunit 5). Two main genetic clusters were revealed in grayling, one cluster comprising grayling from the largest spawning population, while the remaining tributaries formed the second cluster. For both taxa, some genetic differentiation was observed among tributaries, but there was no clear isolation-by-distance signature. The structuring was stronger for the host than for the parasite. These results imply that moderate to high levels of gene flow occur among the sub-populations of both taxa. The high parasite exchange among tributaries could result from a lack of strong homing behavior in grayling as well as interactions among individual fish outside of the spawning season, leading to frequent mixing of both host and parasite.

Isonymy and the genetic structure of Switzerland. II. Isolation by distance

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rodriguez-Larralde ◽  
C. Scapoli ◽  
M. Beretta ◽  
C. Nesti ◽  
E. Mamolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Isolation By Distance

scholarly journals The role of the reef–dune system in coastal protection in Puerto Morelos (Mexico)

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1247-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma L. Franklin ◽  
Alec Torres-Freyermuth ◽  
Gabriela Medellin ◽  
María Eugenia Allende-Arandia ◽  
Christian M. Appendini
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Coastal Flooding ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Fore Reef ◽  
Extreme Water Levels ◽  
Reef Environments ◽  
Storm Impact

Abstract. Reefs and sand dunes are critical morphological features providing natural coastal protection. Reefs dissipate around 90 % of the incident wave energy through wave breaking, whereas sand dunes provide the final natural barrier against coastal flooding. The storm impact on coastal areas with these features depends on the relative elevation of the extreme water levels with respect to the sand dune morphology. However, despite the importance of barrier reefs and dunes in coastal protection, poor management practices have degraded these ecosystems, increasing their vulnerability to coastal flooding. The present study aims to theoretically investigate the role of the reef–dune system in coastal protection under current climatic conditions at Puerto Morelos, located in the Mexican Caribbean Sea, using a widely validated nonlinear non-hydrostatic numerical model (SWASH). Wave hindcast information, tidal level, and a measured beach profile of the reef–dune system in Puerto Morelos are employed to estimate extreme runup and the storm impact scale for current and theoretical scenarios. The numerical results show the importance of including the storm surge when predicting extreme water levels and also show that ecosystem degradation has important implications for coastal protection against storms with return periods of less than 10 years. The latter highlights the importance of conservation of the system as a mitigation measure to decrease coastal vulnerability and infrastructure losses in coastal areas in the short to medium term. Furthermore, the results are used to evaluate the applicability of runup parameterisations for beaches to reef environments. Numerical analysis of runup dynamics suggests that runup parameterisations for reef environments can be improved by including the fore reef slope. Therefore, future research to develop runup parameterisations incorporating reef geometry features (e.g. reef crest elevation, reef lagoon width, fore reef slope) is warranted.

Significant population genetic structure detected for a new and highly restricted species of Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) from Western Australia, and implications for conservation management

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence J. Clarke ◽  
Duncan I. Jardine ◽  
Margaret Byrne ◽  
Kelly Shepherd ◽  
Andrew J. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
New Species ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Two Populations

Atriplex sp. Yeelirrie Station (L. Trotter & A. Douglas LCH 25025) is a highly restricted, potentially new species of saltbush, known from only two sites ~30 km apart in central Western Australia. Knowledge of genetic structure within the species is required to inform conservation strategies as both populations occur within a palaeovalley that contains significant near-surface uranium mineralisation. We investigate the structure of genetic variation within populations and subpopulations of this taxon using nuclear microsatellites. Internal transcribed spacer sequence data places this new taxon within a clade of polyploid Atriplex species, and the maximum number of alleles per locus suggests it is hexaploid. The two populations possessed similar levels of genetic diversity, but exhibited a surprising level of genetic differentiation given their proximity. Significant isolation by distance over scales of less than 5 km suggests dispersal is highly restricted. In addition, the proportion of variation between the populations (12%) is similar to that among A. nummularia populations sampled at a continent-wide scale (several thousand kilometres), and only marginally less than that between distinct A. nummularia subspecies. Additional work is required to further clarify the exact taxonomic status of the two populations. We propose management recommendations for this potentially new species in light of its highly structured genetic variation.

scholarly journals Spatial genetic structure of the sea sandwort (<i>Honckenya peploides</i>) on Surtsey: an immigrant's journey

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6495-6507 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Árnason ◽  
Ǽ. Th. Thórsson ◽  
B. Magnússon ◽  
M. Philipp ◽  
H. Adsersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Aflp Markers ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Binary Matrix

Abstract. Sea sandwort (Honckenya peploides) was one of the first plants to successfully colonize and reproduce on the volcanic island Surtsey, formed in 1963 off the southern coast of Iceland. Using amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers, we examined levels of genetic variation and differentiation among populations of H. peploides on Surtsey in relation to populations on the nearby island Heimaey and from the southern coast of Iceland. Selected populations from Denmark and Greenland were used for comparison. In addition, we tested whether the effects of isolation by distance could be seen in the Surtsey populations. Using two primer combinations, we obtained 173 AFLP markers from a total of 347 plant samples. The resulting binary matrix was then analysed statistically. The main results include the following: (i) Surtsey had the highest proportion of polymorphic markers as well as a comparatively high genetic diversity (55.5% proportion of polymorphic loci, PLP; 0.1974 HE) and Denmark the lowest (31.8% PLP; 0.132 HE), indicating rapid expansion during an early stage of population establishment on Surtsey and/or multiple origins of immigrants; (ii) the total genetic differentiation (FST) among Surtsey (0.0714) and Heimaey (0.055) populations was less than half of that found among the mainland populations in Iceland (0.1747), indicating substantial gene flow on the islands; (iii) most of the genetic variation (79%, p < 0.001) was found within localities, possibly due to the outcrossing and subdioecious nature of the species; (iv) a significant genetic distance was found within Surtsey, among sites, and this appeared to correlate with the age of plant colonization; and (v) the genetic structure analysis indicated multiple colonization episodes on Surtsey, whereby H. peploides most likely immigrated from the nearby island of Heimaey and directly from the southern coast of Iceland.

scholarly journals Genetic structure and dispersal patterns of the invasive psocid Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) in Australian grain storage systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Mikac ◽  
N.N. FitzSimmons
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Population Comparisons ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractMicrosatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure among invasive L. decolor populations from Australia and a single international population from Kansas, USA to determine patterns of dispersal. Six variable microsatellites displayed an average of 2.5–4.2 alleles per locus per population. Observed (HO) heterozygosity ranged from 0.12–0.65 per locus within populations; but, in 13 of 36 tests, HO was less than expected. Despite low levels of allelic diversity, genetic structure estimated as θ was significant for all pairwise comparisons between populations (θ=0.05–0.23). Due to suspected null alleles at four loci, ENA (excluding null alleles) corrected FST estimates were calculated overall and for pairwise population comparisons. The ENA-corrected FST values (0.02–0.10) revealed significant overall genetic structure, but none of the pairwise values were significantly different from zero. A Mantel test of isolation by distance indicated no relationship between genetic structure and geographic distance among all populations (r2=0.12, P=0.18) and for Australian populations only (r2=0.19, P=0.44), suggesting that IBD does not describe the pattern of gene flow among populations. This study supports a hypothesis of long distance dispersal by L. decolor at moderate to potentially high levels.

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