scholarly journals Task-Related Hemodynamic Responses Are Modulated by Reward and Task-engagement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. B. Cardoso ◽  
Bruss Lima ◽  
Yevgeniy B. Sirotin ◽  
Aniruddha Das
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Task Period ◽  
Fixation Task ◽  
Hemodynamic Measurements ◽  
And Task

AbstractHemodynamic recordings from visual cortex contain powerful endogenous task-related responses that may reflect task-engagement distinct from attention. We tested this hypothesis with hemodynamic measurements (intrinsic-signal optical imaging) from monkey V1, while the animals’ engagement in a periodic fixation task over several hours was varied though reward size, and as animals took breaks. With higher rewards, animals appeared more task-engaged; task-related responses were more temporally precise at the task period (~ 10-20 seconds), and modestly stronger. Surprisingly, 2-5-minute blocks of high-reward trials led to ramp-like decreases in mean local blood volume; these reversed with ramp-like increases during low reward. The blood volume increased even more sharply when the animal shut his eyes and disengaged completely from the task (5-10 minutes). We propose a mechanism that controls vascular tone, likely along with local neural responses, with phasic and tonic components tied to task-engagement.

scholarly journals Distinct functional classes of excitatory neurons in mouse V1 are differentially modulated by learning and task engagement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Wekselblatt ◽  
Cristopher M. Niell
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Excitatory Neurons ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Functional Classes ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
And Task

AbstractLearning can cause significant changes in neural responses to relevant stimuli, in addition to modulation due to task engagement. However, it is not known how different functional types of excitatory neurons contribute to these changes. To address this gap, we performed two-photon calcium imaging of excitatory neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse primary visual cortex before and after learning of a visual discrimination. We found that excitatory neurons show striking diversity in the temporal dynamics of their response to visual stimuli during the behavior, and based on this we classified them into transient, sustained, and suppressed groups. Notably, these functionally defined cell classes exhibit different visual stimulus selectivity and modulation by locomotion, and were differentially affected by training condition. In particular, we observed a decrease in the number of transient neurons responsive during behavior after learning, while both transient and sustained cells showed an increase in modulation due to task engagement after learning. The identification of functional diversity within the excitatory population, with distinct changes during learning and task engagement, provides insight into the cortical pathways that allow context-dependent neural representations.

scholarly journals Regional and network neural activity reflect men’s preference for greater socioeconomic status during impression formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise M. Barth ◽  
Bradley D. Mattan ◽  
Tzipporah P. Dang ◽  
Jasmin Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Pls Analysis ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Task

AbstractEvidence from social psychology suggests that men compared to women more readily display and pursue control over human resources or capital. However, studying how status and gender shape deliberate impression formation is difficult due to social desirability concerns. Using univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses (n = 65), we examined how gender and socioeconomic status (SES) may influence brain responses during deliberate but private impression formation. Men more than women showed greater activity in the VMPFC and NAcc when forming impressions of high-SES (vs. low-SES) targets. Seed partial least squares (PLS) analysis showed that this SES-based increase in VMPFC activity was associated with greater co-activation across an evaluative network for the high-SES versus low-SES univariate comparison. A data-driven task PLS analysis also showed greater co-activation in an extended network consisting of regions involved in salience detection, attention, and task engagement as a function of increasing target SES. This co-activating network was most pronounced for men. These findings provide evidence that high-SES targets elicit neural responses indicative of positivity, reward, and salience during impression formation among men. Contributions to a network neuroscience understanding of status perception and implications for gender- and status-based impression formation are discussed.

Predicting cognitive vigilance performance from cerebral blood flow velocity and task engagement

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Reinerman ◽  
Gerald Matthews ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
Lisa K. Langheim
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
And Task

Performance-avoid goal orientation and task engagement: Moderating effect of self-efficacy

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Bienkowski ◽  
Aaron M. Watson ◽  
Eric A. Surface
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
And Task

The Effects of a Shared Reading Intervention on Narrative Story Comprehension and Task Engagement of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 3608-3622 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Yeon Kim ◽  
Mandy Rispoli ◽  
Catharine Lory ◽  
Emily Gregori ◽  
Matthew T. Brodhead
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Reading Intervention ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Shared Reading ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Story Comprehension ◽  
Narrative Story ◽  
Students With Autism ◽  
And Task

Experimental angiotensin II hypertension

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (3) ◽  
pp. H391-H398 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Young ◽  
R. H. Murray ◽  
R. G. Bengis ◽  
A. K. Markov
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Question Mark ◽  
Control Value

The mechanisms by which angiotensin II (AII) produces hypertension was studied in a group of 13 large dogs maintained on a Na intake of 200 meq/day. AII was infused at 10 ng x kg-1 x min-1 iv for 8 days. Arterial pressure increased from the control level of 98 +/- 3 to 160 +/- 7 mmHg and cardiac output fell significantly from the control value of 3.4 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 and 2.6 +/- 0.1 l/min on the 5th and 8th days of AII infusion. Mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) rose from the control mean of 9.5 +/- 0.5 to 11.6 +/- 0.9 (P < 0.05) and 12.6 +/- 0.6 mmHg (P inverted question mark 0.05) on the 5th and 8th day of infusion. On the 1st day of AII infusion, approximately 70 meq Na was retained; this retention persisted until the 4th day, when a marked natriuresis returned the dogs to Na balance. 22Na space increased slightly (P < 0.05) during the early part of the study, but fell back to the control level by the 5th day of infusion. Blood volume was unchanged throughout the study. The marked increase observed in MCFP with unchanged blood volume indicates that the unstressed volume or compliance of the circulatory system must have decreased. In this form of hypertension, the increase in arterial pressure was achieved without volume expansion and cardiac output elevation, but with large initial increases in arterial and venous vascular tone.

Monkey hippocampal neurons related to spatial and nonspatial functions

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1516-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ono ◽  
K. Nakamura ◽  
H. Nishijo ◽  
S. Eifuku
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Directional Stimulus ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
And Task

1. Neural activity in the monkey hippocampal formation (HF) was analyzed during a spatial moving task in which the monkey was guided by auditory and visual cues and when stimuli were presented from various directions. The monkey could control a motorized, movable device (cab) and its route to a target location by pressing the proper one of five available bars in an appropriate sequence (spatial moving task). In any of several locations in the field, neural responses were evident in relation to the presentation of various objects or human movement in some relative direction (left, anterior, right) as a directional stimulus test. 2. Of 238 hippocampal neurons analyzed, 172 (72.3%, 238-66) responded in either the spatial moving task, or to the direction from which stimulation was presented, or to the location of the monkey in the field, or to some combination of these. 3. The activity of 79 (33.2%) neurons was higher when the monkey was in some specific location in the field during the spatial moving task, regardless of the approach route or other task parameters (place related neurons). 4. Responses to the task cues in the spatial moving task were evident in 110 (46.3%) neurons (task related neurons). Of these, 77 (32.4%) neurons were not place related. The remaining 33 (13.9%) neurons were both task related and place related. These neurons responded to task cues in only that part of the field in which place related responses occurred. The neural response to the task cues disappeared when the monkey moved out of the place response region. The place related and task related neural responses disappeared when the room light was switched off. Thus information from the environment outside of the cab contributed to the place related and task related responses. 5. Stimuli presented from certain specific directions induced responses, selectively, in 41 (17.2%) of the neurons (direction related neurons). The dependence of the preferred direction was described in one of three ways--egocentric, allocentric, or place-direction specific. Nineteen egocentric neurons responded to a stimulus only when it was presented from a certain direction relative to the orientation of the monkey, regardless of the location of the monkey. Eleven allocentric neurons responded to a stimulus only when it was presented at a particular position in the room, regardless of the location or orientation of the monkey.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Task-related hemodynamic responses are modulated by reward and task engagement

PLoS Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e3000080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. B. Cardoso ◽  
Bruss Lima ◽  
Yevgeniy B. Sirotin ◽  
Aniruddha Das
Keyword(s):  
Task Engagement ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
And Task

Mixing work and play to good effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-22
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Workplace Training ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Overall Effectiveness ◽  
And Task

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Use of computer games as part of workplace training can significantly enrich the experience and increase overall effectiveness. Learners become engrossed in the activity and the higher levels of motivation and task engagement positively impact on knowledge acquisition. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Different Goals, Different Pathways: The Role of Metacognition and Task Engagement in Surgical Skill Acquisition

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee K. Gardner ◽  
Ibrahim J. Jabbour ◽  
Brian H. Williams ◽  
Sergio Huerta
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Surgical Skill ◽  
And Task
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