scholarly journals Effect of Maxillary Expansion and Protraction on the Oropharyngeal Airway in Individuals with Non-syndromic Cleft Palate with or without Cleft Lip

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najla Alrejaye ◽  
Jonathan Gao ◽  
Snehlata Oberoi
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Oropharyngeal Airway ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate three dimensionally the effect of the combined maxillary expansion and protraction treatment on oropharyngeal airway in children with non-syndromic cleft palate with or without cleft lip (CP/L).MethodsCBCT data of 18 preadolescent individuals (ages, 8.4 ± 1.7 years) with CP/L, who underwent Phase I orthodontic maxillary expansion with protraction, were compared before and after treatment. The average length of treatment was 24.1± 7.6 months. The airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) were determined using 3DMD Vultus imaging software with cross-sectional areas calculated for each 2-mm over the entire length of the airway. A control group of 9 preadolescent individuals (ages, 8.7 ± 2.6 years) with CP/L was used for comparison.ResultsThere was a statistically significant increase in pharyngeal airway volume after phase I orthodontic treatment in both groups, however, there was no statistically significant change in minimal cross-sectional area in neither study nor control group.ConclusionThe findings showed that maxillary expansion and protraction did not have a significant effect on increasing oropharyngeal volume and MCA in patients with CP/L.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of mini-screw–assisted rapid palatal expansion on airway:

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivam Mehta ◽  
Dennis Wang ◽  
Chia-Ling Kuo ◽  
Jinjian Mu ◽  
Manuel Lagravere Vich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Palatal Expansion ◽  
Rapid Palatal Expansion ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the long-term effects on airway in patients with mini-screw–assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE), rapid palatal expansion (RPE), and controls with three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis. Materials and Methods A total of 180 CBCTs of 60 patients were analyzed at different time points, such as pretreatment, postexpansion, and posttreatment. Patients were divided into three groups: mini-screw assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE), rapid palatal expansion (RPE), and controls. The nasal cavity, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and laryngopharyngeal airway volume and area were measured. Changes in total airway volume, total airway area, minimal cross-sectional area, maxillary intermolar width, external maxillary width, and palatal width were also evaluated. Results Both MARPE and RPE caused a statistically significant increase in the airway after expansion as compared with the control group, but there was no statistically significant difference in the change in airway between MARPE, RPE, and the control group at posttreatment, except for nasopharyngeal volume, which was significantly increased in the MARPE group. There was no correlation between the amount of expansion and increase in total airway volume. Conclusions There was a significant increase in total airway volume, total airway area, and minimal cross-sectional area with MARPE and RPE immediately after expansion, but at posttreatment, the changes in the MARPE and RPE groups were similar to the change in the control group. However, MARPE led to a significant long-term increase in nasopharyngeal volume. The amount of expansion did not correlate with the increase in pharyngeal airway volume.

scholarly journals Atrophy patterns in isolated subscapularis lesions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gernot Seppel ◽  
Andreas Voss ◽  
Daniel J. H. Henderson ◽  
Simone Waldt ◽  
Bernhard Haller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Subscapularis Muscle ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Background While supraspinatus atrophy can be described according to the system of Zanetti or Thomazeau there is still a lack of characterization of isolated subscapularis muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to describe patterns of muscle atrophy following repair of isolated subscapularis (SSC) tendon. Methods Forty-nine control shoulder MRI scans, without rotator cuff pathology, atrophy or fatty infiltration, were prospectively evaluated and subscapularis diameters as well as cross sectional areas (complete and upper half) were assessed in a standardized oblique sagittal plane. Calculation of the ratio between the upper half of the cross sectional area (CSA) and the total CSA was performed. Eleven MRI scans of patients with subscapularis atrophy following isolated subscapularis tendon tears were analysed and cross sectional area ratio (upper half /total) determined. To guarantee reliable measurement of the CSA and its ratio, bony landmarks were also defined. All parameters were statistically compared for inter-rater reliability, reproducibility and capacity to quantify subscapularis atrophy. Results The mean age in the control group was 49.7 years (± 15.0). The mean cross sectional area (CSA) was 2367.0 mm2 (± 741.4) for the complete subscapularis muscle and 1048.2 mm2 (± 313.3) for the upper half, giving a mean ratio of 0.446 (± 0.046). In the subscapularis repair group the mean age was 56.7 years (± 9.3). With a mean cross sectional area of 1554.7 mm2 (± 419.9) for the complete and of 422.9 mm2 (± 173.6) for the upper half of the subscapularis muscle, giving a mean CSA ratio of 0.269 (± 0.065) which was seen to be significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Analysis of typical atrophy patterns of the subscapularis muscle demonstrates that the CSA ratio represents a reliable and reproducible assessment tool in quantifying subscapularis atrophy. We propose the classification of subscapularis atrophy as Stage I (mild atrophy) in case of reduction of the cross sectional area ratio < 0.4, Stage II (moderate atrophy) in case of < 0.35 and Stage III (severe atrophy) if < 0.3.

scholarly journals Changes in lower extremity blood flow during advancing phases of pregnancy and the effects of special footwear

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Gimunová ◽  
Martin Zvonař ◽  
Kateřina Kolářová ◽  
Zdeněk Janík ◽  
Ondřej Mikeska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Popliteal Vein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Venous Disease ◽  
Venous Blood Flow ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Background During pregnancy, a number of changes affecting venous blood flow occur in the circulatory system, such as reduced vein wall tension or increased exposure to collagen fibers. These factors may cause blood stagnation, swelling of the legs, or endothelial damage and consequently lead to development of venous disease. Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of special footwear designed to improve blood circulation in the feet on venous blood flow changes observed during advancing phases of pregnancy. Methods Thirty healthy pregnant women participated in this study at 25, 30, and 35 weeks of gestation. Participants were allocated at random to an experimental group (n = 15) which was provided with the special footwear, or a control group (n = 15). At each data collection session, Doppler measurements of peak systolic blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area of the right popliteal vein were performed using a MySonoU6 ultrasound machine with a linear transducer (Samsung Medison). The differences were compared using Cohen’s d test to calculate effect size. Results With advancing phases of pregnancy, peak systolic velocity in the popliteal vein decreased significantly in the control group, whereas it increased significantly in the experimental group. No significant change in cross-sectional area was observed in any of the groups. Conclusions Findings in the experimental group demonstrated that wearing the footwear tested may prevent venous blood velocity from reducing during advanced phases of pregnancy. Nevertheless, there is a need for further investigation of the beneficial effect on venous flow of the footwear tested and its application.

scholarly journals Patients with Achilles Tendon Rupture Have a Degenerated Contralateral Achilles Tendon: An Elastography Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianru Li ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Yehua Cai ◽  
Yinghui Hua
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Achilles Tendon Rupture ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To evaluate differences of Achilles tendon (AT) hardness and morphology between asymptomatic tendons in patients with acute AT ruptures on the contralateral side and asymptomatic tendons in healthy people by using computer-assisted quantification on axial-strain sonoelastography (ASE). Methods. The study consisted of 33 asymptomatic tendons in 33 patients (study group) and 34 tendons in 19 healthy volunteers (control group). All the tendons were examined by both ASE and conventional ultrasound. Computer-assisted quantification on ASE was applied to extract hardness variables, including the mean (Hmean), 20th percentile (H20), median (H50) and skewness (Hsk) of the hardness within tendon, and the ratio of the mean hardness within tendon to that outside tendon (Hratio) and three morphological variables: the thickness (THK), cross-sectional area, and eccentricity (ECC) of tendons. Results. The Hmean, Hsk, H20, H50, and Hratio in the proximal third of the tendon body in study group were significantly smaller than those in control group (Hmean: 0.43±0.09 vs 0.50±0.07, p=0.001; Hsk: -0.53±0.51 vs -1.09±0.51, p<0.001; H20: 0.31±0.10 vs 0.40±0.10, p=0.001; H50: 0.45±0.10 vs 0.53±0.08, p<0.001; Hratio: 1.01±0.25 vs 1.20±0.23, p=0.003). The THK and cross-sectional area of tendons in the study group were larger than those in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions. As a quantitative objective method, the computer-assisted ASE reveals that the asymptomatic ATs contralateral to acute rupture are softer than those of healthy control group at the proximal third and the asymptomatic tendons in people with rupture history are thicker, larger, and rounder than those of normal volunteers especially at the middle and distal thirds of AT body.

Guideline Values for Minimum Nasal Cross-Sectional Area in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043-1050
Author(s):  
Maija T. Laine-Alava ◽  
Siiri Murtolahti ◽  
Ulla K. Crouse ◽  
Donald W. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Nasal Airway ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Research Criteria

Objective: The purpose was to determine age-specific values of the minimum cross-sectional area of the nasal airway in children without cleft lip or palate and to assess whether gender differences occur with growth in order to develop guidelines for assessment in children with clefts. Participants: All schoolchildren aged 8 to 17 years who met the research criteria were studied during rest breathing using the pressure-flow technique. The children came from a rural area of 3800 inhabitants. Consecutive age cohorts were used for comparisons. Results: Nasal cross-sectional area increased in females from 0.38 cm2 in 8-year-olds to 0.58 cm2 in 17-year-olds. There was a decrease in size at ages 10 to 11 and 14 to 15 years. In males, the area increased from 0.40 to 0.68 cm2 and decreased slightly from 9 to 10 and 14 to 15 years. The annual changes were statistically significant in females between 8 and 9 and 11 to 13 years of age, and in males from 11 to 12, 13 to 14, and 15 to 17 years of age. Across gender, the only significant difference occurred at age 16. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the increase in nasal airway size is not consistent during growth. Nasal airway size showed almost equal values for both genders in young children but was systematically larger in boys from 14 years of age on. The results refer that by 17 years of age nasal airway may not have reached adult size in males.

Upper Airway 3D Changes of Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate After Orthognathic Surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilia Sayako Yatabe-Ioshida ◽  
Letícia Dominguez Campos ◽  
Renato Yassukata Yaedu ◽  
Ivy Kiemle Trindade-Suedam
Keyword(s):  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to 3-dimensionally assess the airway characteristics of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) who underwent orthognathic surgery. Design: This was a retrospective study. Setting: The study took place at a national referral center for cleft lip and palate rehabilitation. Patients and Participants: The sample comprised cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans obtained before and after orthognathic surgery of 15 individuals (30 CBCT scans), divided into 2 groups: UCLP group (n = 9 patients/18 CBCT scans) and BCLP group (n = 6/12 CBCT scans). All patients had a nonsyndromic UCLP or BCLP and a skeletal class III malocclusion at the preoperative period. Interventions: Airway volume, pharyngeal minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA), location of mCSA, sella-nasion-A point (SNA) and sella-nasion-B point (SNB) angles, and condylion-A point and condyloid-gnathion linear measurements were assessed in open-source software (ITK-SNAP and SlicerCMF). Main Outcome Measure: Airway dimensions of patients with UCLP and BCLP increase after orthognathic surgery. Results: After orthognathic surgery, UCLP group showed a significant 20% increase in nasopharynx volume. Although not significant, BCLP group also showed an increase of 18% in the same region. Minimal cross-sectional area remained dimensionally stable after surgery and was all located in the oropharynx region, on both groups. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between volume and mCSA on both groups. Conclusion: Overall, individuals with UCLP and BCLP showed an increase in the upper airway after orthognathic surgery and this might explain the breathing and sleep improvements reported by the patients after the surgery.

Role of diffusion tensor imaging in the evaluation of ulnar nerve involvement in leprosy

2021 ◽  
pp. 20210290
Author(s):  
Ankita Aggarwal ◽  
Chandan Jyoti Das ◽  
Neena Khanna ◽  
Raju Sharma ◽  
Deep Narayan Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Ulnar Neuropathy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: Early detection of peripheral neuropathy is extremely important as leprosy is one of the treatable causes of peripheral neuropathy. The study was undertaken to assess the role of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in ulnar neuropathy in leprosy patients. Methods: This was a case–control study including 38 patients (72 nerves) and 5 controls (10 nerves) done between January 2017 and June 2019. Skin biopsy proven cases of leprosy, having symptoms of ulnar neuropathy (proven on nerve conduction study) were included. MRI was performed on a 3 T MR system. Mean cross-sectional area, fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of ulnar nerve at cubital tunnel were calculated. Additional ancillary findings and appearance of base sequences were evaluated. Results: Ulnar nerve showed thickening with altered T2W signal in all the affected nerves, having an average cross-sectional area of 0.26 cm2. Low FA with mean of 0.397 ± 0.19 and high ADC with mean of 1.28 ± 0.427 x 10 −3 mm2/s of ulnar nerve in retrocondylar groove was obtained. In the control group, mean cross-sectional area was 0.71cm2 with mean FA and ADC of 0.53 ± 0.088 and 1.03 ± 0.24 x 10 −3 mm2/s respectively. Statistically no significant difference was seen in diseased and control group. Cut-off to detect neuropathy for FA and ADC is 0.4835 and 1.1020 × 10 −3 mm2/s respectively. Conclusion: DTI though is challenging in peripheral nerves, however, is proving to be a powerful complementary tool for assessment of peripheral neuropathy. Our study validates its utility in infective neuropathies. Advances in knowledge: 1. DTI is a potential complementary tool for detection of peripheral neuropathies and can be incorporated in standard MR neurography protocol. 2. In leprosy-related ulnar neuropathy, altered signal intensity with thickening or abscess of the nerve is appreciated along with locoregional nodes and secondary denervation changes along with reduction of FA and rise in ADC value. 3. Best cut-offs obtained in our study for FA and ADC are 0.4835 and 1.1020 × 10 −3 mm2/s respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Diffusional Characteristics and Microstructure in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

2019 ◽  
pp. 014556131987472
Author(s):  
Jie Cai ◽  
Logan Klein ◽  
Pinhong Wu ◽  
Azure Wilson ◽  
Xinlin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Vocal Fold Paralysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Injury Group ◽  
The Cross

Objective: To investigate the value of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the evaluation of vocal fold tissue microstructure after recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. Methods: Six canines were divided into 2 groups: a unilateral vocal fold paralysis group (n = 4) and a control group (n = 2). The RLN was cut in the unilateral vocal fold paralysis group, and no intervention was applied in the control group. After 4 months, the canines’ larynges were removed and placed in a small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system (9.4T BioSpec MRI; Bruker, Germany). After scanning, the vocal folds were isolated, sectioned, and stained. The slides were then analyzed for the cross-sectional area and muscle fiber density through feature extraction technology. Pearson correlation analysis was performed on the DTI scan and histological section extraction results. Results: In the vocal fold muscle layer, the fractional anisotropy (FA) of the unilateral RLN injury group was higher than that of the control group, and the Tensor Trace was lower than that of the control group. This difference was statistically significant, P < .05. In the lamina propria, the FA of the unilateral RLN injury group was lower than that of the control group, P > .05, and the Tensor Trace was lower than that of the control group, P < .05. The muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the RLN injury group was significantly smaller than the control group with statistical significance, P < .05, and the density of muscle fibers was lower, P < .05. The correlation coefficient between FA and the cross-sectional area was −0.838, P = .002, and .726; P = .017 between Tensor Trace and the cross-sectional area. Conclusion: Diffusion tensor imaging is an effective method to assess the changes in the microstructure of atrophic vocal fold muscle tissue after RLN injury.

Relationship among running mileage, bone density, and serum testosterone in male runners

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MacDougall ◽  
C. E. Webber ◽  
J. Martin ◽  
S. Ormerod ◽  
A. Chesley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Density Measurements

Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between running volume and bone mineral mass in adult male runners. Whole body and regional bone mineral density were determined by dual-photon absorptiometry in 22 sedentary controls and 53 runners who were selected according to their running mileage to fall into a 5- to 10-, 15- to 20-, 25- to 30-, 40- to 55-, or 60- to 75-mile/wk group. All groups were of similar age (20–45 yr) and nutritional status, as determined by 7-day food records. Regional sites for bone density measurements included the trunk, spine, pelvis, thighs, and lower legs. In addition, serum total testosterone was determined in each subject and computed tomography scans were made of the lower legs in 34 subjects to assess bone cross-sectional area. No significant differences were detected for bone density measurements with the exception of the lower legs where it was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater for the 15- to 20-mile/wk group than for the control and 5- to 10-mile/wk groups. With mileage greater than 20 miles/wk, bone density of the lower legs showed no further increase and, in fact, tended to decrease, so that for the 60- to 75-mile/wk group it was similar to that of the controls. Cross-sectional area of the tibia and fibula when normalized to body weight tended to be greater as weekly mileage increased and was significantly greater in the 40- to 55-mile/wk runners than in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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