Atrophy patterns in isolated subscapularis lesions

Abstract Background While supraspinatus atrophy can be described according to the system of Zanetti or Thomazeau there is still a lack of characterization of isolated subscapularis muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to describe patterns of muscle atrophy following repair of isolated subscapularis (SSC) tendon. Methods Forty-nine control shoulder MRI scans, without rotator cuff pathology, atrophy or fatty infiltration, were prospectively evaluated and subscapularis diameters as well as cross sectional areas (complete and upper half) were assessed in a standardized oblique sagittal plane. Calculation of the ratio between the upper half of the cross sectional area (CSA) and the total CSA was performed. Eleven MRI scans of patients with subscapularis atrophy following isolated subscapularis tendon tears were analysed and cross sectional area ratio (upper half /total) determined. To guarantee reliable measurement of the CSA and its ratio, bony landmarks were also defined. All parameters were statistically compared for inter-rater reliability, reproducibility and capacity to quantify subscapularis atrophy. Results The mean age in the control group was 49.7 years (± 15.0). The mean cross sectional area (CSA) was 2367.0 mm2 (± 741.4) for the complete subscapularis muscle and 1048.2 mm2 (± 313.3) for the upper half, giving a mean ratio of 0.446 (± 0.046). In the subscapularis repair group the mean age was 56.7 years (± 9.3). With a mean cross sectional area of 1554.7 mm2 (± 419.9) for the complete and of 422.9 mm2 (± 173.6) for the upper half of the subscapularis muscle, giving a mean CSA ratio of 0.269 (± 0.065) which was seen to be significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Analysis of typical atrophy patterns of the subscapularis muscle demonstrates that the CSA ratio represents a reliable and reproducible assessment tool in quantifying subscapularis atrophy. We propose the classification of subscapularis atrophy as Stage I (mild atrophy) in case of reduction of the cross sectional area ratio < 0.4, Stage II (moderate atrophy) in case of < 0.35 and Stage III (severe atrophy) if < 0.3.

Download Full-text

Patients with Achilles Tendon Rupture Have a Degenerated Contralateral Achilles Tendon: An Elastography Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/2367615 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Qianru Li ◽

Qi Zhang ◽

Yehua Cai ◽

Yinghui Hua

Keyword(s):

Achilles Tendon ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Achilles Tendon Rupture ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Control Group ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Study Group ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean

Purpose. To evaluate differences of Achilles tendon (AT) hardness and morphology between asymptomatic tendons in patients with acute AT ruptures on the contralateral side and asymptomatic tendons in healthy people by using computer-assisted quantification on axial-strain sonoelastography (ASE). Methods. The study consisted of 33 asymptomatic tendons in 33 patients (study group) and 34 tendons in 19 healthy volunteers (control group). All the tendons were examined by both ASE and conventional ultrasound. Computer-assisted quantification on ASE was applied to extract hardness variables, including the mean (Hmean), 20th percentile (H20), median (H50) and skewness (Hsk) of the hardness within tendon, and the ratio of the mean hardness within tendon to that outside tendon (Hratio) and three morphological variables: the thickness (THK), cross-sectional area, and eccentricity (ECC) of tendons. Results. The Hmean, Hsk, H20, H50, and Hratio in the proximal third of the tendon body in study group were significantly smaller than those in control group (Hmean: 0.43±0.09 vs 0.50±0.07, p=0.001; Hsk: -0.53±0.51 vs -1.09±0.51, p<0.001; H20: 0.31±0.10 vs 0.40±0.10, p=0.001; H50: 0.45±0.10 vs 0.53±0.08, p<0.001; Hratio: 1.01±0.25 vs 1.20±0.23, p=0.003). The THK and cross-sectional area of tendons in the study group were larger than those in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions. As a quantitative objective method, the computer-assisted ASE reveals that the asymptomatic ATs contralateral to acute rupture are softer than those of healthy control group at the proximal third and the asymptomatic tendons in people with rupture history are thicker, larger, and rounder than those of normal volunteers especially at the middle and distal thirds of AT body.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Diffusional Characteristics and Microstructure in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Ear Nose & Throat Journal ◽

10.1177/0145561319874721 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 014556131987472

Author(s):

Jie Cai ◽

Logan Klein ◽

Pinhong Wu ◽

Azure Wilson ◽

Xinlin Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vocal Fold ◽

Diffusion Tensor ◽

Vocal Fold Paralysis ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Control Group ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Injury Group ◽

The Cross

Objective: To investigate the value of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the evaluation of vocal fold tissue microstructure after recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. Methods: Six canines were divided into 2 groups: a unilateral vocal fold paralysis group (n = 4) and a control group (n = 2). The RLN was cut in the unilateral vocal fold paralysis group, and no intervention was applied in the control group. After 4 months, the canines’ larynges were removed and placed in a small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system (9.4T BioSpec MRI; Bruker, Germany). After scanning, the vocal folds were isolated, sectioned, and stained. The slides were then analyzed for the cross-sectional area and muscle fiber density through feature extraction technology. Pearson correlation analysis was performed on the DTI scan and histological section extraction results. Results: In the vocal fold muscle layer, the fractional anisotropy (FA) of the unilateral RLN injury group was higher than that of the control group, and the Tensor Trace was lower than that of the control group. This difference was statistically significant, P < .05. In the lamina propria, the FA of the unilateral RLN injury group was lower than that of the control group, P > .05, and the Tensor Trace was lower than that of the control group, P < .05. The muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the RLN injury group was significantly smaller than the control group with statistical significance, P < .05, and the density of muscle fibers was lower, P < .05. The correlation coefficient between FA and the cross-sectional area was −0.838, P = .002, and .726; P = .017 between Tensor Trace and the cross-sectional area. Conclusion: Diffusion tensor imaging is an effective method to assess the changes in the microstructure of atrophic vocal fold muscle tissue after RLN injury.

Download Full-text

Cross Sectional Area of the Achilles Tendon in a Prospective Cohort of an Elite Military Population

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics ◽

10.1177/2473011417s000282 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 2473011417S0002

Author(s):

Kevin Martin ◽

Laura Dawson ◽

Jeffrey Wake

Keyword(s):

Achilles Tendon ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Military Training ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Service Members ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean ◽

Multiple Levels ◽

The Cross

Category: Ankle, Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: The prevalence of Achilles tendon pathology is common in many sports and daily activities. From ruptures to overuse injuries resulting in tendonopathies, AT dysfunction can result in disability and reduced productively. Continued research that increases our knowledge base of normal Achilles tendon properties can improve our ability to reduce and prevent future AT injuries. In this study, we examined the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the Achilles tendon (AT) at multiple levels in an asymptomatic population of elite American military service members that participate in greater than 20 hours of intense training per week. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study composed of 41 active duty United States Army Rangers. The Rangers are a specialized infantry organization that participates in extensive military training and rigorous combat missions. The service members were voluntarily recruited to participate while deployed in a combat theater. All subjects were members of the Ranger Regiment participating in greater than 20 hours of intense bipedal non-sport weekly training with no history of AT pathology. In a standing position, each subject had bilateral Achilles insertion marked along with additional skin markings made at 2 cm, 4 cm, and 6 cm above the AT insertion. At all four levels, the AT was measured in the coronal and sagittal plains using ultrasound. Results: In 41 subjects, a total of 82 Achilles tendons were examined. The mean age of the cohort was 26 years, 70 inches tall, with a mean weight of 187 pounds. The mean sagittal thickness of the AT at the insertion was 4.3 mm, 2 cm above the insertion is was 4.3 mm, 4 cm above the insertion is was 4.2 mm, and at 6 cm above the insertion it was 4 mm. In the coronal plain was 19.1 mm, 14.3 mm, 13.5 mm, and 14.4 mm respectively. The cross-sectional area was calculated at each respective level: 0.65 cm2, 0.48 cm2, 0.44 cm2 and 0.45 cm2. The non-dominant ankle was slightly larger at each level but was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: These results provide the mean sagittal and coronal diameters of the Achilles tendon as measured by ultrasound throughout the watershed area of a young active adult male population. Our data also suggest that increased non-sport activity may not increase the cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon. Identifying the normal diameter at multiple levels throughout the most commonly injured area can potentially improve the provider’s ability to identify early disease processes and apply targeted interventions to help slow or prevent progression and possible rupture.

Download Full-text

Effects of weight loss in ewes in early pregnancy on muscles and meat quality of lambs

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859698006133 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 132 (1) ◽

pp. 103-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

D. I. KRAUSGRILL ◽

N. M. TULLOH ◽

W. R. SHORTHOSE ◽

K. SHARPE

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Control Group ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Crown Rump Length ◽

The Cross

Three successive experiments, of similar design, were carried out during 1986–88 at Mount Derrimut, Australia. Mature Merino ewes were mated to Poll Dorset rams and then allocated to either a control group (C) or a treatment group (R). Ewes from each treatment were slaughtered 60, 70, 100 or 140 days post-conception and the development of their foetuses was compared in terms of body size and muscle characteristics. In Expts 1 and 2, some ewes were allowed to lamb and the progeny in each group were slaughtered after reaching a body weight of 35 kg, for comparison of growth rates, muscle characteristics and meat quality.In each experiment, treatment extended from mating to day 70 of pregnancy and, during this period, both groups were housed. Ewes in group C were kept as one group and fed ad libitum and ewes in group R were individually penned and fed a restricted ration of the same diet as that given to group C in order to achieve a steady loss of body weight. In Expt 1, this loss was 8 kg but, in Expts 2 and 3, feed intake was controlled according to condition score and, during this period, group R ewes lost 25–35% of their body weight at mating. After day 70, all ewes were kept grazing and were offered supplementary feed at rates sufficient for a steady increase in ewe body weights.Foetuses in group R were lower in body weight (P<0·05), crown-rump length (P<0·05) and girth (P<0·01). However, birth weights and mean ages of the 35 kg lambs at slaughter did not differ significantly between treatments.There were no significant differences between treatments for the semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles in total muscle weight, DNA content, protein content, nor in the ratios of muscle weight[ratio ]DNA and protein[ratio ]DNA. However, there were significant differences between experiments, which indicated that cell size in the ST and SM muscles was lower in Expt 2 than in Expt 1.In day 70 foetuses, the cross-sectional area of α fibres was greater (P<0·05) in group R than in group C but by day 140 the difference was no longer significant. At day 70, there was also a positive correlation (r=0·65, P<0·01) between the cross-sectional area of β fibres and the number of α fibres surrounding each of them. There were no significant differences between treatments at any age in the percentages of βR, αR and αW fibres.Meat from group R lambs was more tender than that from group C lambs as indicated by significantly lower means in the SM muscle for adhesion (P<0·01) and Warner–Bratzler Peak Force (WB PF) measurements (P<0·05).Although some effects of nutritional restriction were found, severe feed shortage in early pregnancy in sheep is unlikely to have significant effects on the production of prime lamb meat provided that adequate nutrition is available during late pregnancy and post-natal growth.

Download Full-text

Cross-sectional area of the ulnar nerve after decompression at the cubital tunnel

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) ◽

10.1177/1753193416635803 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (8) ◽

pp. 838-842 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Duetzmann ◽

K. G. Krishnan ◽

F. Staub ◽

J.-S. Kang ◽

V. Seifert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulnar Nerve ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Cubital Tunnel ◽

Slight Reduction ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean ◽

The Cross

A total of 48 patients undergoing surgical decompression of the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel between February 2010 and May 2013 were retrospectively studied to determine changes in the cross-sectional area of the nerve by the technique of neurosonography. The mean follow-up was 46 months. Post-operative follow-up examination of the cross-sectional area of the ulnar nerve showed a slight reduction in the mean value from 13.8 mm2 (pre-operative) to 12.9 mm2 (post-operative). Of the 48 patients, 36 showed a reduction in the cross-sectional area. No correlation was detected between the clinical and sonographic outcomes. Ultrasound seems to be of limited value in the post-operative assessment of patients with entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve. Level of Evidence: IV

Download Full-text

Efficacy of Shear Wave Elasticity for Evaluating Myocardial Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Rats

10.21203/rs.3.rs-668697/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yoichi Takaya ◽

Kazufumi Nakamura ◽

Rie Nakayama ◽

Ohtsuka Hiroaki ◽

Naofumi Amioka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shear Wave ◽

Myocardial Hypertrophy ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Control Group ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Hypertensive Rats ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Cross

Abstract Shear wave (SW) imaging is a novel ultrasound-based technique for assessing tissue characteristics. SW elasticity may be useful to assess the severity of hypertensive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of SW elasticity for assessing the degree of myocardial hypertrophy using hypertensive rats. Rats were divided into hypertension group and control group. SW elasticity was measured on the excised heart. Myocardial hypertrophy was assessed histologically. LV weight was greater in hypertension group. An increase in interventricular septum and LV free wall thicknesses was observed in hypertension group. SW elasticity was significantly higher in hypertension group than in control group (14.6 ± 4.3 kPa vs. 6.5 ± 1.1 kPa, P < 0.01). The cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes was larger in hypertension group than in control group (397 ± 50 µm2 vs. 243 ± 14 µm2, P < 0.01), and SW elasticity was positively correlated with the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes (R = 0.96, P < 0.01). This study showed that SW elasticity was higher in hypertensive rats and was closely correlated with the degree of myocardial hypertrophy, suggesting the efficacy of SW elasticity for estimating the severity of hypertensive LV hypertrophy.

Download Full-text

Correction with thiocetam of lead nanoparticles influence on morpho-functional status of rat liver

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.2478/cipms-2020-0027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 149-154

Author(s):

Sergii Omelchuk ◽

Vasyl Aleksiichuk ◽

Yuri Chaikovsky ◽

Liudmyla Sokurenko

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Liver Weight ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Relative Liver Weight ◽

The Mean ◽

Pharmacological Correction ◽

The Cross

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of Thiocetam on morphological changes in the liver of rats and on biochemical changes in their blood after exposure to lead nanoparticles and compounds. The liver is an organ that performs a number of functions, such as the synthesis of enzymes, hormones, plasma components and the neutralization of toxins. It is involved in many metabolic processes in the body.In undertaking this, colloidal solutions of lead sulphide nanoparticles at dosages 10 nm and 30 nm were injected into two groups of rats, PbSnano1 and PbSnano2, respectively, while group Pb(NO3) received subcutaneously a solution of lead nitrate in ion form in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg (0.94 mg/kg lead, in lead equivalent). After 60 administrations (12 weeks) of the studied substances, the exposure was discontinued and the animals were observed for 18 weeks. Subsequently, half of each group received Thiocetam by injection (for 6 weeks at a dose of 250 mg/kg) while the other half did not. We then assessed the mean body weight, absolute and relative liver weight, blood biochemistry values (total protein, albumin, glucose, total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides levels in blood serum) and morphological changes in hepatocytes (morphological slides, nuclei cross-sectional area and cytoplasm cross-sectional area).The outcome of this work showed that the mean body weight of animals exposed to nanoparticles with Tiocetam did not differ from that of animals exposed to nanoparticles without pharmacological correction, but relative liver weight was statistically significantly higher than the corresponding values in rats without pharmacological correction. The morphological picture in all study group animals was characterized by the normalization of microvessel blood filling, structure of hepatic plates, disappearance of infiltration with lymphocytes and histiocytes. No dystrophic changes in hepatocytes were found. All this indicates the feasibility of preventive measures during exposure to lead nanoparticles, by administering Thiocetam.In both series of animals exposed to lead nanoparticles (PbSnano1 and PbSnano2), the cross-sectional area of the hepatocytes cytoplasm and the cross-sectional area of the hepatocytes nuclei were smaller than just after exposure, but in the series with Thiocetam adminstration, all the values did not differ from those in the control.

Download Full-text

Treatment of Partial Tendon Lacerations

HAND ◽

10.1016/s0072-968x(80)80008-8 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol os-12 (2) ◽

pp. 163-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

R. Christie Wray ◽

Paul M. Weeks

Keyword(s):

Early Mobilization ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Active Motion ◽

Interrupted Suture ◽

The Mean ◽

The Cross ◽

Lost To Follow Up

We treated twenty six patients with thirty four partial tendon lacerations by not suturing the tendons and by early mobilization of the digit. These partial tendon lacerations varied from 25 to 95 per cent of the cross sectional area. The mean and median cross-sectional area lacerated was 60 per cent. Twenty three of these patients obtained excellent function, one patient obtained good to excellent function and one patient obtained fair function. One patient was lost to follow-up. No tendon ruptured but one patient did develop trigger finger which spontaneously resolved. Partial flexor tendon lacerations should not be repaired and early active motion should be used if bevelling of the laceration is not present. Bevelled partial tendon lacerations of less than twenty five per cent of the cross sectional area can be either excised or repaired with a simple interrupted suture. If greater than twenty five per cent of the cross-sectional area is lacerated and bevelled, the laceration should be repaired with a few simple sutures. Regardless of the treatment of the tendon early active motion is necessary.

Download Full-text

Reference values for the cross-sectional area of the normal sciatic nerve using high-resolution ultrasonography

Journal of Ultrasonography ◽

10.15557/jou.2021.0018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (85) ◽

pp. e95-e104

Author(s):

Kunwar Pal Singh ◽

◽

Prabhjot Singh ◽

Kamlesh Gupta

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Sciatic Nerve ◽

Reference Values ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean ◽

Sciatic Nerves ◽

The Cross ◽

High Resolution Ultrasonography

Aim: High-resolution ultrasonography is a new and promising technique to evaluate peripheral and spinal nerves. Its validity as a diagnostic tool in neurological diseases has been demonstrated in adults. The aims of study were to establish the reference values for the cross-sectional area of the normal sciatic nerve on high-resolution ultrasonography, and to determine the relationship between the cross-sectional area of the normal sciatic nerve and the subjects’ age, gender, height (in cm), weight (in kg), and body mass index. Material and methods: Two hundred subjects of both genders and above 18 years of age were studied with high-resolution ultrasonography. The subjects had no history of peripheral neuropathy or trauma to the lower limb. The cross-sectional areas of the normal sciatic nerves were obtained at two different levels in both lower limbs. The mean cross-sectional areas of the sciatic nerves were measured at two different levels, one located at 1 cm above the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve into the tibial and common peroneal nerves, and the other 4 cm above the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve into the tibial and common peroneal nerves. Results: A positive correlation of the mean cross-sectional area was established with height, weight, and body mass index. Women had smaller cross-sectional areas of the normal sciatic nerves than men at both measuring sites. No significant relationship was established with the age of the subjects. Conclusions: The established reference values of the cross-sectional area of the sciatic nerve can facilitate the analysis of pathological nerve conditions.

Download Full-text

The Quantitative Assessment of Respiratory Muscles by Computed Tomography in Patients of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-167015/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Di Wu ◽

Yujia Cao ◽

Yan Cui ◽

Baoyu Yuan ◽

Yijing Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽

Respiratory Muscles ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Diaphragm Muscle ◽

Control Group ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Cross ◽

Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Objectives Progressive weakness of respiratory muscle is common to patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which leads to respiratory failure, even death. The evaluation of respiratory muscle is essential to evaluate the severity during the progression of the disease and choose appropriate interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the respiratory muscles change of the patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by regular chest computed tomography. Methods The cross-sectional area of respiratory muscles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients was retrospectively reviewed. The severity of the disease was determined by the value of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis function score scale. A healthy control group was selected with well-matched to the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Results Compared with the healthy control group, the cross-sectional area of the diaphragm muscle was lower in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. The reduced cross-sectional area of respiratory muscles has a positive correlation with a lower amyotrophic lateral sclerosis function score. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis further showed a significant reduction in the cross-sectional area of respiratory muscles after 6-8 months.Conclusions The single-slice axial computed tomography is a fast and reliable method to quantitatively assess the cross-sectional area of respiratory muscles, especially diaphragm muscle, in disease progression.

Download Full-text