scholarly journals Increased expression of schizophrenia-associated gene C4 leads to hypoconnectivity of prefrontal cortex and reduced social interaction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley L. Comer ◽  
Tushare Jinadasa ◽  
Lisa N. Kretsge ◽  
Thanh P.H. Nguyen ◽  
Jungjoon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Severe Mental Disorder ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Spine Development

ABSTRACTSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. Increased expression of the immune gene C4 has been linked to a greater risk of developing schizophrenia; however, it is unknown whether C4 plays a causative role in this brain disorder. Using confocal imaging and whole-cell electrophysiology, we demonstrate that overexpression of C4 in mouse prefrontal cortex neurons leads to perturbations in dendritic spine development and hypoconnectivity, which mirror neuropathologies found in schizophrenia. We find evidence that microglia-neuron interactions and microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment are enhanced with increased expression of C4. We also show that C4-dependent circuit dysfunction in the frontal cortex leads to decreased social interactions in juvenile mice. These results demonstrate that increased expression of the schizophrenia-associated gene C4 causes aberrant circuit wiring in the developing prefrontal cortex and leads to deficits in early social behavior, suggesting that altered C4 expression contributes directly to schizophrenia pathogenesis.

Electrical Emissions in Gymnotus Carapo and Their Relation To Social Behavior

Behaviour ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Valone
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Postural Responses ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electrical Stimuli

Abstract1. The relation between the social behavior and the electrical emissions of Gymnotus carapo is examined. 2. Members of the species Gymnotus carapo approach certain sources of electrical stimuli and, in a statistically significant number of instances, assume a stance parallel to the plane from which the stimuli originate. 3. The approach and postural responses elicited by electrical cues resemble those observed when two fish, placed in the same tank, interact socially. 4. Electrical cues therefore appear to facilitate certain social interactions in Gymnotus carapo. 5. The character of electrical emission in Gymnotus carapo appears to change as a function of certain social interaction: a. Interaction resembling aggression is accompanied by brief increases in the frequency of emission. b. The increases in frequency appear to be linked to thrusting movements. c. Fish interacting with one another appear to lock into a common frequency more often than fish that are not in physical contact with one another. d. During social interaction, one of the two fish is occasionally observed to halt emissions altogether. 6. The exact significance of the social behavior observed in the context of the life history of Gymnotus carapo is unknown.

Culture as a normative social behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Andrey Yakovlevich Flier
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social System ◽  
Special Role ◽  
System A

The article shows that in culture as a social system, a special role is played by normative social behavior, which regulates social interaction and communication between people, and mores, with the help of which the regulation of social interactions is carried out.

scholarly journals The Emotional Lexicon Used by Male and Female Communication: Study of Balinese Language Used in South Kuta-Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-372
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Vina Widiadnya Putri ◽  
I Dewa Ayu Devi Maharani Santika
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Emotional Lexicon ◽  
Communication Study

The aims of this research is to analyse about the differences of emotional lexicon used by male and female communication in South Kuta-Bali when they used Balinese language in their daily interaction.  The scope of male and female is closely related to the social behavior which includes the social identity of male and female in society and this becomes the basis of how the language is used in this context of social. This research is interested to uncover more how people use language in terms of expressing their emotional in social interaction. This study is a sociolinguistic approach used the theory from Hickey, Raymon (2010). The data source in this study is the south Kuta community who use Balinese language in social interactions. The Data collection is done by observation, interview, recording and note taking and descriptive qualitative method is applied to analyze the data. The result of the analysis found that the emotional lexical is used by the male and female in their social interaction, it could mention that both Augmentatives and Euphemisms is used by male and female in their social interaction however the augmentative is mostly used by female in informal occasion. Balinese female often used prohibition instead of imperative in expressing her idea about ordering someone to do something. In the other hand, the male directly used imperative sentence in ordering something. He usually does not use many awkwardness to say his point in a conversation. This may be considered that the male often go to the straight point when expressing his idea. Keywords: Emotional Lexicon, Male and Female

Happiness and Social Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1111-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Quoidbach ◽  
Maxime Taquet ◽  
Martin Desseilles ◽  
Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye ◽  
James J. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Social Partner

It is often assumed that there is a robust positive symmetrical relationship between happiness and social behavior: Social relationships are viewed as essential to happiness, and happiness is thought to foster social relationships. However, empirical support for this widely held view is surprisingly mixed, and this view does little to clarify which social partner a person will be motivated to interact with when happy. To address these issues, we monitored the happiness and social interactions of more than 30,000 people for a month. We found that patterns of social interaction followed the hedonic-flexibility principle, whereby people tend to engage in happiness-enhancing social relationships when they feel bad and sustain happiness-decreasing periods of solitude and less pleasant types of social relationships that might promise long-term payoff when they feel good. These findings demonstrate that links between happiness and social behavior are more complex than often assumed in the positive-emotion literature.

scholarly journals Prefrontal-amygdalar oscillations related to social interaction behavior in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Sasaki ◽  
Nahoko Kuga ◽  
Reimi Abe ◽  
Kotomi Takano ◽  
Yuji Ikegaya
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Interaction Behavior ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Medial Pfc

The medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala are involved in the regulation of social behavior and associated with psychiatric diseases but their detailed neurophysiological mechanisms at a network level remain unclear. We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the dorsal medial PFC (dmPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) while mice engaged on social behavior. We found that in wild-type mice, both the dmPFC and BLA increased 4–7 Hz oscillation power and decreased 30–60 Hz power when they needed to attend to another target mouse. In mouse models with reduced social interactions, dmPFC 4–7 Hz power further increased especially when they exhibited social avoidance behavior. In contrast, dmPFC and BLA decreased 4–7 Hz power when wild-type mice socially approached a target mouse. Frequency-specific optogenetic manipulations of replicating social approach-related LFP patterns restored social interaction behavior in socially deficient mice. These results demonstrate a neurophysiological substrate of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala related to social behavior and provide a unified pathophysiological understanding of neuronal population dynamics underlying social behavioral deficits.

A new model as an early life manipulation: Fake mother

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S346-S346
Author(s):  
M. Kucukkarapinar ◽  
A. Dönmez ◽  
S. Candansayar ◽  
A. Bozkurt ◽  
E. Akçay
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Social Interaction Test ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Maternal Odor ◽  
Interaction Test

IntroductionEarly life stressful events cause long-term neural changes that are associated with psychiatric disorders.ObjectiveEarly life manipulations focus on commonly the impact of remaining separate from the mother in a specific period of time. The maternal odor is required for pups to approach the mother for nursing. What happens when there is a mother that smell like a real mother but does not take care her own pups?AimTo investigate the fake mother effects on adult rat's behavioral changes, NMDR2B protein level changes in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.MethodsWistar rats were used. Fake mother (n:13), early handling (n:12), maternal separation (n:14) and control (n:12) were the study groups. A fake mother is an object that smells like a real dam. When the real mother is separated from own pups fake mother stays with the pups for an hour. Manipulations were made during the postnatal first 14 days. Behavioral tests (social interaction test, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition test) were made between postnatal 62 and 78 days. NMDAR2B protein levels in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were evaluated by using ELISA at postnatal 78 days.ResultsIn social interaction test, fake mother group exhibited less social behavior and more aggressive behavior than the other groups. Their long-term memory functions were the lowest. NMDAR2B protein levels in the hippocampus increased in rats that exposed to early stressful life events.ConclusionThese results support that being raised by fake mother increases aggressive behavior and decrease social behavior in adulthood.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Sex-dependent effects of traumatic stress on social behavior and neuronal activation in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Dorofeikova ◽  
Chandrashekhar D Borkar ◽  
Katherine Weissmuller ◽  
Lydia Smith-Osborne ◽  
Samhita Basavanhalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neuronal Activation ◽  
Footshock Stress

Social behavior is complex and fundamental, and deficits in social behavior are common pathological features for a variety of psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Acute stress has a negative impact on social behavior, and these effects may vary based on sex. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of footshock stress on the sociability of male and female C57Bl/6J mice. Animals were divided into two main groups of footshock exposure or context exposure control. Each group had mice that were treated with either the benzodiazepine alprazolam, or vehicle. Neuronal activation during social interaction was assessed using immunohistochemistry against the immediate early gene product cFos. Footshock stress induced a significantly increased latency to approach a social interaction counterpart in both sexes. Stress-induced increases in defensive tail-rattling behavior elicited during the sociability test were sex-dependent and alleviated by alprazolam. Alprazolam also lowered social exploration and neuronal activation in the infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex. Social interaction induced sex-dependent differences in cFos activation in the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus of the amygdala and ventromedial intercalated cell clusters. Overall, our results suggest that acute footshock stress induces alterations in sociability and patterns of cFos activation in a sex-dependent manner.

Social Interaction Patterns of High and Low Status Behaviorally Disordered Students within Self-Contained Classroom Settings: A Pilot Investigation

1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Maheady ◽  
Diane M. Sainato
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Free Play ◽  
High Status ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Behaviorally Disordered ◽  
Special Education Programs

The purpose of the present investigation was to provide information regarding the social interaction patterns of behaviorally disordered students in self-contained special education programs. The highest and lowest sociometrically rated students in each of three elementary, self-contained special education programs were observed during free play time for 5 minutes each day over a 4-week period. The quantity (frequency), quality (positive or negative), and reciprocal nature of their social interactions with classroom peers were recorded. Results of this investigation indicate that, for the most part, social interactions among behaviorally disordered youngsters were both positive and reciprocal in nature. In addition, no discernible differences were noted between the target-initiated social behavior of high and low status students. However, specific differences were found in peer social behavior that was directed toward the target subjects. High status students were the recipients of (a) higher rates of peer initiations, (b) greater percentages of positive social initiations, and (c) fewer negative social contacts. Low status children, on the other hand, encountered fewer peer-initiated contacts, and of these, a greater percentage were negative in nature. Implications for future research are discussed.

Social Interaction and Social Organization of Israeli Fiveto Seven-Year-Olds

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Hertz-Lazarowitz ◽  
Dina Feitelson ◽  
Shoshana Zahavi ◽  
Willard W. Hartup
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Solitary Play ◽  
Parallel Play

Four hundred and eight children kindergartners and first-graders from three experimental infant schools in Israel were observed in outdoor free play, forty minutes each day, for three continuous weeks. Social interactions and social organization were recorded using a modified version of Parten's (1932) system of categorization. Findings showed that the children engaged mainly in positive-active behaviors (over fifty-four percent). Solitary play and onlooker behavior accounted for thirty percent of children's social behavior. Parallel play occurred less frequently than reported earlier for younger children, although no age differences were observed between kindergartners and first graders. Boys were significantly more active than girls, and exhibited negative social interaction more frequently. Social organization was balanced. Children were observed fifty-seven percent in dyads, twenty-seven percent in groups of three and four children, and fourteen percent in groups with more than five children. Kindergartners participated in significantly smaller groups than first graders.

scholarly journals Social Interactions of DAT-HET Epi-Genotypes Differing for Maternal Origins: The Development of a New Preclinical Model of Socio-Sexual Apathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Brancato ◽  
Sara Lo Russo ◽  
Anna Sara Liberati ◽  
Cristiana Carbone ◽  
Silvia Zelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Noradrenaline Transporter ◽  
Comparable Control

Social interaction is essential for life and is impaired in many psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, au-tism, depression and major anxiety disorder. Monoamine transmission plays a key role in social behavior and both genetic and epigenetic modifications of dopamine and noradrenaline neurotransmission-related genes can affect the levels of social interaction. Since heterozygous individuals for a specific genetic trait possess only one mutant allele of that trait, in order to better evaluate the role of the interaction between genetics and epigenetics in unmasking latent genetically-determined predispositions, our interest has focused on studying the interplay between genetics and epigenetics influences on social behavior in male rats obtained by two different breeding schemes: a first group by breeding of knock-out (KO) male rats with wild-type (WT) female dams (homogeneous heterozygous offspring, termed MAT-HET), and a second group of heterozygous DAT male offspring by breeding of KO male and DAT-heterozygous female subjects (to obtain comparable control pups, termed MIX-HET). Their social behavior was then assessed by partner preference, social preference and elicited preference tests. In the first test MIX-HET and MAT-HET male mice had choice between two WT females one in estrous and the other not in estrous. In the second test they met either a MIX-HET or a WT male rodent. Also, the expression of the noradrenaline transporter (NET) was assessed in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of MAT, MIX and WTs by immunofluorescence in order to estimate its involvement in the expression of social behavior. Our results show that MIX-HET focal rodents tend to have an asocial behavior when in contact with a female in estrous, and their behavior is similar to when the stimulus is a MIX-HET male. MAT-HET male rodents, instead, tend to be very attracted by the female in estrous, but they ignore the MIX-HET stimulus. MIX-HET progeny showed a lower expression of noradrenaline transporter in both hypothalamus and hippocampus with respect to MAT-HET rats, whereas MAT-HET rats displayed increased noradrenaline transporter immunofluorescence in the hypothalamus and in the hippocampus with respect to WT rats, while no difference was observed in the prefrontal cortex. Therefore we can hypothesize that the differences observed between the two heterozygous groups may be attributable to an epigenetic factor: the different maternal care received. These data can open new perspectives towards increased the preclinical knowledge about autism and bipolar disorder.

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