scholarly journals Rational Decision On the Use of Antibiotics During the Dry Period in Dairy Cows

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis O. Lopes ◽  
Anna M. C. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Microbiological Culture ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Sealant Group ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics in cows during the dry period. The survey was performed on 148 teats during the dry period, with sample collection in the period D-70 (70 days before delivery) and D14 (14 days after delivery). The milk samples were collected for the Strip Cup Test (SCT), California Mastitis Test (CMT), Microbiological Culture, Somatic Cell Count (SCC), Somatic Cell Score (SCS) and Hyperkeratosis (HK). The groups in which there were no microorganisms grow were divided into two groups, in the first group only the internal sealant in the teat was used (Group 1) and there was another group with the intramammary antibiotic use associated with the internal sealant (Group 2). Teats which were considered positive, with microbiological growth, were treated with the intramammary antibiotic associated with the internal sealant (Group 3). In the comparison of the results of the CMT test between D-70 and D14, a statistical difference was observed in Groups 2 and 3. Group 3, which comprises the positive teats in D-70 presented a reduction of 83.87% and 32.26% in the CMT test between D-70 and D14. Regarding HK, group 1 and 2 had a statistical difference in relation to group 3 in D-70 and D14. As for the numbers of bacteria isolated in D-70 and D14, there was no difference comparing Group 1 and Group 2, unlike Group 3, which had a difference. Group 1 and Group 2 were all negative teats in D-70, showing that the intramammary antibiotic did not influence the outcome of D14. In group 3 there was a reduction of isolates from 62 to 15 in D14. The most prevalent microorganism was Streptococcus agalactiae with 43.37% of the total isolates, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.87%) and Corynebacterium spp. (13.25%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (SCN) (10.84%). The selective treatment of teats in dry dairy cows has advantages over Blanket Dry Cow Therapy by reducing the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, avoiding bacterial resistance, ensuring better milk quality and greater food safety. Antibiotics should only be used for teats with subclinical mastitis, with the microbiological culture at the end of lactation performed by fourth individual mammary.

scholarly journals Randomised clinical trial showing the curative effect of bandaging on M2-stage lesions of digital dermatitis in dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Klawitter ◽  
Dörte Döpfer ◽  
Theo Broderick Braden ◽  
Ermias Amene ◽  
Kerstin Elisabeth Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Digital Dermatitis ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objectives and designThis trial evaluated the effect of bandaging of acute painful ulcerative bovine digital dermatitis (DD) lesion (stage M2) in dairy cows, tested using two different topical treatments.DesignRandomised clinical trial.SettingThis study was conducted using Holstein-Friesian cows ranging in age from heifers to fourth lactation in a single dairy herd and diagnosed with acute ulcerative DD lesions (stage M2) on the first examination (week 0). Cows were randomly assigned into either a non-bandaged or bandaged group across two treatment conditions: topical chlortetracycline spray (CTC) and Intra Hoof-Fit Gel (IHF). Lesions received standardised bandaging and treatment on a weekly basis. Unhealed lesions could receive up to five repeated treatments, at weekly intervals, within a four-week period. Both M-stage and locomotion were also evaluated and scored weekly. Cows with healthily formed skin (stage M0) were deemed healed and subsequently released from the study.ResultsIn total, 163 M2 lesions were diagnosed at week 0. Bandaged M2 lesions had a significantly higher probability of cure than non-bandaged lesions regardless of treatment type (HR: 4.1; P<0.001; 95 per cent CI: 2.5 to 6.8). Most healing occurred within the first three weeks of trial. Furthermore, bandaged lesions (group 2 and group 4) were significantly less likely to progress into the chronic hyperkeratotic or proliferative stage (M4) than non-bandaged lesions in group 1 and group 3 (HR: 0.10; P<0.001; 95 per cent CI: 0.04 to 0.22). Out of concern for the cow’s wellbeing, this study investigated the effects of bandaging on locomotion. Bandaging had no effect on locomotion for either cows treated with CTC (group 1: median Sprecher score, 2; IQR=1–2; group 2: median Sprecher score, 2; IQR=1–3; P=0.3) or IHF (group 3: median Sprecher score, 2; IQR=1–2; group 4: median Sprecher score, 2; IQR=1–3; P=0.3).

scholarly journals Incidence of Meniscal Tears Accompanying ACL Ruptures

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (11_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967114S0012
Author(s):  
Mehmet Hasan Tatari ◽  
Vugar Guliyev
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Meniscal Tear ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Meniscal Tears ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Bucket Handle ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common disorder in athletes and in most cases, meniscal tears accompany. These meniscal tears can be the result of the initial trauma or the consecutive injuries in the unoperated patients. The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of meniscal tears in the patients operated because of ACL defficiency in the early or late period after the initial trauma. The age of the patient and meniscal tear pattern were the other subjects compared. Methods: The groups included 42, 72 and 129 patients respectively. Among all groups, it was shown that in 125 cases (% 51.4), a meniscal tear accompanied the ACL tear. In Group 1, 18 cases (% 42.8) had meniscal tears while 29 patients (% 37) in Group 2 and 78 patients (% 60.4) in Group 3 had any kind of meniscal tear. Bucket handle tears constituted 38 % of all tears in Group 1, 53 % in Group 2 and 56 % in Group 3. There was a significant statistical difference between the groups among the presence of meniscal tear and the period between the initial trauma and operation time. When the patients accepted the operation in the first six months after the initial trauma, the incidence of the meniscal injury decreased significantly (chi-square test) (p <0,01). There was no statistical difference between three groups among the percentage of bucket handle tears (variance analysis: p=0,196). The statistical difference was not important between the groups among the age of the patients in relation with the pattern of the meniscal tears (variance analysis: p=0,236). Results: The groups included 42, 72 and 129 patients respectively. Among all groups, it was shown that in 125 cases (% 51.4), a meniscal tear accompanied the ACL tear. In Group 1, 18 cases (% 42.8) had meniscal tears while 29 patients (% 37) in Group 2 and 78 patients (% 60.4) in Group 3 had any kind of meniscal tear. Bucket handle tears constituted 38 % of all tears in Group 1, 53 % in Group 2 and 56 % in Group 3. There was a significant statistical difference between the groups among the presence of meniscal tear and the period between the initial trauma and operation time. When the patients accepted the operation in the first six months after the initial trauma, the incidence of the meniscal injury decreased significantly (chi-square test) (p <0,01). There was no statistical difference between three groups among the percentage of bucket handle tears (variance analysis: p=0,196). The statistical difference was not important between the groups among the age of the patients in relation with the pattern of the meniscal tears (variance analysis: p=0,236) Conclusion: We can say that the incidence of meniscal tears can be decreased if the patients with ACL injury are operated early after the initial trauma. Earlier ACL reconstruction means less meniscal tear.

Microleakage of a resin sealan using diferents adhesive systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Licla
Keyword(s):  
Orthophosphoric Acid ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Sealant Group ◽  
Group 1

Objetive: To compare the microleakage of a resinsealant using fifth generation adhesive systems,seventh generation with or without preconditioningof orthophosphoric acid at 37%. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study wasmade on 60 human premolars, randomized into4 groups of 15 elements each. Group 1 (control):phosphoric acid at 37%, sealant; Group 2: orthophosphoricacid, adhesive of fifth generation, sealant; Group 3: adhesive of seventh generation,sealant; Group 4: orthophosphoric acid, adhesiveof seventh generation, sealant. They were puton a thermocycler, 500 cycles (5° y 55°C) per 30seconds on higher and lower temperatures, afterthat the specimens were drawn for 24 hours on1% methylene blue, cut off on a bucco-lingualway and evaluated on a stereomicroscope on 16x.Chi square test was used with a 0.05 significancelevel. Results: The greater percentage of microleakageshowed: control-adhesive without (53.3%), fifthgeneration (20%), the seventh generation (80%)and conditioning with orthophosphoric acid andadhesive seventh generation (67.7%). Conclusion: Microfiltration grade adhesivesealant fifth generation was lower than using theother adhesives.

scholarly journals Influence of different methods of cervical flaring on establishment of working length

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieison Nardi Lazzaretti ◽  
Bernardo Alievi Camargo ◽  
Alvaro Della Bona ◽  
Volmir João Fornari ◽  
José Roberto Vanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Length Measurement ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the influence of three different rotary systems for cervical flaring on establishment of the real working length. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty mandibular first molars were submitted to conventional endodontic access and initial working length measurement, followed by irrigation/suction of the pulp chamber with 5% sodium hypochlorite. Teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10) and cervical flaring of the mesiobuccal canals were performed using one of the following instrument systems: Group 1 - Gates-Glidden burs; Group 2 - Orifice Openers; Group 3 - La Axxess system. Two subsequent numbers of instruments of each rotary system were used and the final working length was recorded. A digital calyper was used to record the working length, in millimeters, to investigate a possible discrepancy between initial and final measurements. RESULTS: Analysis of variance (Anova) na Tukey test revealed statistical difference between Group 1 and Groups 2 and 3 (p£ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: all groups presented shorter working length after cervical flaring; groups prepared with instruments La Axxes and Orifice Opener presented the best results among the systems studied.

scholarly journals Diagnostic importance of the concentration of milk amyloid A in quarter milk samples from dairy cows with mastitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Vasiľ ◽  
Juraj Elečko ◽  
Zuzana Farkašová ◽  
František Zigo
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Diagnostic Importance ◽  
Group 1

Acute phase proteins have been used as biomarkers of inflammation. Their concentrations increase in milk from cows with latent and subclinical mastitis. The aim of our study was to evaluate milk amyloid A (MAA) as indicator of udder inflammation. We used 24 dairy cows from a herd with 120 Slovak Pied cattle. In addition to bacteriological examination, the following indicators were determined in all quarter milk samples. On the basis of results of clinical examination, Californian mastitis test (CMT), and number of Somatic cell count (SCC), four groups of quarter milk samples were formed. The levels of MAA in both subgroups of Group 1 (healthy cows), divided by the number of SCC - IA (n = 10), IB (n = 15), determined at repeated samplings, differed significantly from the initial levels (P < 0.01). Highly significant correlation (R2 = 0.272), was detected between SCC, and MAA in Group 2 (n = 27) at individual collections (P < 0.01), while in the Group 3 (n = 25) the level of both indicators decreased by the end of the experiment despite higher initial concentrations (P < 0.01). No significant differences in MAA were observed between individual collections in Group 4 (n = 6). No positive correlation (R2 = 0.525) was detected between SCC and MAA in this group. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that MAA in milk can act as a marker of inflammation of the udder only in the initial, asymptomatic stages of dairy cow mastitis. The experiment was one of first studies with MAA in Slovak Pied cattle.

scholarly journals P1112COMPARISON OF EFFICACY BETWEEN MAINTENANCE HEMODIALYSIS AND THEIR COMBINATION WITH HEMOPERFUSION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS TREATMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amela Beciragic ◽  
Alma Mutevelic-Turkovic ◽  
Badema Äœengiä† Roljiä† ◽  
Fahrudin Masnic ◽  
Aida Coric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Uremic Toxins ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background and Aims The occurance of mid- and longterm uremic complications is related to the low clearance rate of middle and large molecule uremic toxins when hemodialysis (HD) alone is adopted. As the uremic toxins and their corresponding biological effects become increasingly clear, blood purification treatment that aims to remove these toxins, has developed from a stage of life-sustaining to improving the quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluated demographic, clinical and laboratory data in patients who underwent the combination of maintenance hemodialysis with hemoperfusion (HP) and in those who recieved HD alone and to investigate whether this combination could improve the clearance rate of middle and large molecule uremic toxins. Method A total of 26 patients, who underwent routine hemodialysis, were assessed in this study. Those patients were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (7 patients) received combined treatment of HD with HP biweekly (HD 2 times a week with HD+HP once a week), whereas Group 2 (10 patients) was given HD with high flux dialyzer and Group 3 (9 patients) was given HD with low flux dialyzer 3 times a week. This study was followed for 4 months. Before and after the observational period demographic and clinical data were taken from the medical history and blood samples were taken for hemoglobin (Hb), iron (Fe), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), albumin (Alb), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P04) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Results This study included 13 female and 13 male patients with a mean age of 41, 62 + 11.12 and a mean dialysis duration of 62, 78+53, 33 months. When it comes to baseline characteristics, patients of the group 3 were significantly older than patients in other groups (p=0.001). At the end of the four months observation period, the same difference according to age was noticed (p=0.01). Also, HD+HP group had significantly higher values of TIBC (p=0.006) and significantly lower serum levels of P04 (p=0.001). EPO doses were very similar in group 1 and 2, but in group 3 there were noticeably lower than in those two groups but without a significant difference. The serum levels of albumin were higher in group 3 compared to the other two groups but also without statistical difference. No statistical difference between groups after the follow up period was observed in terms of Hb, Fe, PTH, Ca, BMI, duration of dialysis treatment and vascular access. When groups are viewed individually, in the HD+HP group serum P04 levels were significantly lower after the 4 months off the follow up period than it was at the beginning (p=0.031) and also TIBC was significantly higher (p=0.018). In group 2 the values of TIBC were significantly lower after the follow up period than it was at the beginning (p=0.025). No significant difference was noticed in group 3 but serum PTH levels tends to decrease after 4 months compared to baseline measurement. Conclusion This combination treatment of HD with HP was superior to HD in reducing levels of phosphorus. These findings suggests a potential role of reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in this population especially when it is known that hyperphosphatemia has been pointed out as the primary culprit in the process of cardiovascular calcification. Also, patients who underwent the combined treatment showed higher values of TIBC but unfortunately no difference was noticed between Hb levels and EPO doses. These results eventually demonstrates their role in the improvement of renal disease anemia, which opens up the possibility of further research on a larger sample and over a longer period of time.

Does access to pasture affect claw condition and health in dairy cows?

2017 ◽  
Vol 182 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Armbrecht ◽  
Christian Lambertz ◽  
Dirk Albers ◽  
Matthias Gauly
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
White Line ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Sole Ulcers ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Lower Frequencies

The aim of this study was to examine effects of pasturing in dairy cows on claw condition (claw length, hardness) and on the prevalence of claw diseases. At claw trimming, a total of 240 Holstein-Friesian or Red-Holstein cows from 20 German farms were examined twice, at the end of the pasture and barn season. Each individual claw was trimmed at both assessments. Farms were classified based on animals’ pasture access during pasture season into: group 1 (G1) >10 hours pasture access per day, group 2 (G2) 6–10 hours, group 3 (G3) <6 hours and group 4 (G4) without pasture access. Greater values for hardness were associated with lower scores (=prevalence×severity level) of sole ulcers, white line disease, sole haemorrhage, heel horn erosion and interdigital hyperplasia. In pasture groups, heel horn erosion showed lower frequencies in summer compared with winter, while it was vice versa in G4. In G1 and G3, lower frequencies of white line disease were found in summer compared with winter. Overall, pasture access had positive effects in particular for claw diseases that are related to moist environments. Nevertheless, appropriate free-stall design and claw trimming routine might have a greater influence.

scholarly journals Factors affecting expression of estrus in dairy cows with high milk yields

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6011-2018
Author(s):  
AURIMAS GAVELIS ◽  
VYTUOLIS ŽILAITIS ◽  
ARŪNAS JUOZAITIS ◽  
VIDA JUOZAITIENĖ ◽  
GIEDRIUS PALUBINSKAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The objectives of this study were to define the effect of the milk progesterone (P4) concentration on estrus expression in dairy cows with high milk yield and to identify the effect of milk yield and parity on the milk P4 concentration and cow’s pregnancy after artificial insemination (AI). In this study, 48 clinically healthy cows without reproduction disorders, on day 90-100 after calving were used. At the beginning of estrus and 12 hours after the beginning of estrus, the milk P4 concentration in dairy cows with high milk yield (group 3) was higher than in group 2 (33.66; 22.36%) and in group 1 (51.60; 65.26%) (P &lt;0.001). The milk P4 concentration in the ≥3 lactation cows was higher than the second (13.45%; P&gt;0.05) and the first (28.28%; P&lt;0.01) lactation ones (28.28%; P&lt;0.01). The milk P4 concentration at the beginning of estrus and 12 hours after the beginning of estrus in pregnant and non-pregnant cows was 2.58 and 3.32; 4.20 and 5.00 ng/ml, respectively (P&lt;0.001). As a result, it was concluded that high progesterone concentration affected the expression of estrus and pregnancy results in dairy cows, and the measuring of progesterone concentration in milk can be used as a non-invasive method to provide detailed information about fertility in high milk yield cows..

31 EFFECT OF ACTIVATION METHOD ON IN VIVO DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER IN GOATS

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Wells ◽  
M. C. Berg ◽  
S.-A. E. Cole ◽  
A. A. Cullum ◽  
F. C. Oback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Cytochalasin B ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The effects of activation method and timing between fusion and activation in goat somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) were investigated. In vivo-ovulated oocytes were surgically flushed from donors 54 to 62 h after CIDR withdrawal in the breeding season and enucleated after brief ultraviolet exposure. Transfected fibroblasts and epithelial cells from 4 clonal strains were serum-starved for 4 days before NT. Two direct current electric pulses (2 kV cm–1 each for 10 μs) were used to induce fusion and simultaneous activation. Forty-five minutes after successful fusion, reconstructs received a second activation stimulus delivered either electrically as above (group 1) or by exposure to 2.5 μM ionomycin for 1 min (group 2). Non-fused couplets received another electrical stimulus in a second fusion attempt (group 3). Fused reconstructs from all three groups were cultured in 5 μg mL–1 of cycloheximide and 5 μg mL–1 of cytochalasin B for 3 h before culture overnight in AgResearch SOF media. Embryos at the 1- and 2-cell stages were transferred to the oviducts of synchronized recipients 2 days after oestrus. Each recipient received on average 10 to 12 embryos. Pregnancy and fetal development was monitored regularly by ultrasound. Parturition was induced up to 5 days before expected full term. Kids were reared on the recipients until weaning, with supplemental feeding as required. Embryo survival data were analysed by Fisher's exact test. There were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 in terms of pregnancy and embryo survival rates throughout development. In group 1, 110 embryos were transferred to 11 recipients. Four does (36%) were diagnosed pregnant on Day 30 of gestation, carrying a total of 8 fetuses (7.3%). All 8 were delivered at term; however, one died at birth and another before weaning. In group 2, 202 embryos were transferred to 20 recipients. Thirteen does (65%) were pregnant on Day 30 of gestation, with a total of 23 fetuses (11.4%). One pregnancy was lost by Day 50 and another by Day 100. The remaining 11 pregnancies (55%) were maintained to term, with 18 kids delivered (8.9%). Four died within 1 day of birth, with the other 14 surviving to weaning. In group 3, a total of 63 embryos were transferred to five recipients. However, no fetuses were detected at Day 30; significantly less than for either group 1 (P < 0.05) or 2 (P < 0.003). Overall embryo survival, in terms of live kids at weaning from embryos transferred, was 5.5, 6.9 and 0% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Using in vivo-ovulated oocytes, activation with either ionomycin or electrical stimulation, combined with cycloheximide and cytochalasin B, are similar in promoting successful development following NT. However, with re-fusion (group 3) the first electrical stimulus delivered 45 min before fusion may cause a partial pre-activation of the oocyte cytoplasm sufficient to preclude development. Supported by GTC and the NZ Ministry of Science and Innovation.

scholarly journals Effect of Preoperative Oral Use of Erythromycin and Nizatidine on Gastric pH and Volume

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Memis ◽  
A. Turan ◽  
B. Karamanlioglu ◽  
T. Guler ◽  
A. Yurdakoc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Content ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Gastric Ph ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Placebo Capsule ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of preoperative oral erythromycin or nizatidine on gastric pH and volume. Sixty patients, ASA 1 and 2 status scheduled for elective surgery were studied. All subjects received oral study medication with 10 ml of water 60 minutes prior to surgery. Patients in Group 1 (n=20) were given erythromycin 200 mg, in Group 2 (n=20) nizatidine 300 mg, and in Group 3 (n=20) placebo capsule. A nasogastric tube was inserted immediately after anaesthesia induction. Gastric content was aspirated, and volume and pH recorded. pH values determined in Group 1 were 5.6±1.87; in Group 2, 5.65±1.92 and in Group 3, 3.5±1.93. There was no statistical difference between Groups 1 and 2, but there was a statistically significant difference between Group 3 and Groups 1 and 2 (P<0.001). The volume of gastric content was 10.25±6.65 ml in Group 1, 10.3±6.29 ml in Group 2, and 20.25±16.72 ml in Group 3. Again, there was no statistical difference between Groups 1 and 2, but there was a statistically significant difference between Group 3 and Groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). The proportion of patients considered “at risk” of significant lung injury should aspiration occur was 10% of Group 1, 5% of Group 2 and 20% of Group 3 (not statistically different). We conclude that oral erythromycin and nizatidine given one hour prior to surgery are effective in reducing gastric pH and volume.

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