scholarly journals Incidence of Meniscal Tears Accompanying ACL Ruptures

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (11_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967114S0012
Author(s):  
Mehmet Hasan Tatari ◽  
Vugar Guliyev
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Meniscal Tear ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Meniscal Tears ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Bucket Handle ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common disorder in athletes and in most cases, meniscal tears accompany. These meniscal tears can be the result of the initial trauma or the consecutive injuries in the unoperated patients. The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of meniscal tears in the patients operated because of ACL defficiency in the early or late period after the initial trauma. The age of the patient and meniscal tear pattern were the other subjects compared. Methods: The groups included 42, 72 and 129 patients respectively. Among all groups, it was shown that in 125 cases (% 51.4), a meniscal tear accompanied the ACL tear. In Group 1, 18 cases (% 42.8) had meniscal tears while 29 patients (% 37) in Group 2 and 78 patients (% 60.4) in Group 3 had any kind of meniscal tear. Bucket handle tears constituted 38 % of all tears in Group 1, 53 % in Group 2 and 56 % in Group 3. There was a significant statistical difference between the groups among the presence of meniscal tear and the period between the initial trauma and operation time. When the patients accepted the operation in the first six months after the initial trauma, the incidence of the meniscal injury decreased significantly (chi-square test) (p <0,01). There was no statistical difference between three groups among the percentage of bucket handle tears (variance analysis: p=0,196). The statistical difference was not important between the groups among the age of the patients in relation with the pattern of the meniscal tears (variance analysis: p=0,236). Results: The groups included 42, 72 and 129 patients respectively. Among all groups, it was shown that in 125 cases (% 51.4), a meniscal tear accompanied the ACL tear. In Group 1, 18 cases (% 42.8) had meniscal tears while 29 patients (% 37) in Group 2 and 78 patients (% 60.4) in Group 3 had any kind of meniscal tear. Bucket handle tears constituted 38 % of all tears in Group 1, 53 % in Group 2 and 56 % in Group 3. There was a significant statistical difference between the groups among the presence of meniscal tear and the period between the initial trauma and operation time. When the patients accepted the operation in the first six months after the initial trauma, the incidence of the meniscal injury decreased significantly (chi-square test) (p <0,01). There was no statistical difference between three groups among the percentage of bucket handle tears (variance analysis: p=0,196). The statistical difference was not important between the groups among the age of the patients in relation with the pattern of the meniscal tears (variance analysis: p=0,236) Conclusion: We can say that the incidence of meniscal tears can be decreased if the patients with ACL injury are operated early after the initial trauma. Earlier ACL reconstruction means less meniscal tear.

350 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUB-DOSES OF EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN ON PREGNANCY AND TWINNING RATES OF CYCLIC ZEBU COWS SUBMITTED TO FIXED-TIME ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Alvarez ◽  
F. L. N. Natal ◽  
R. M. L. Pires ◽  
K. M. R. Duarte ◽  
C. A. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Twin Pregnancies ◽  
Group 1

The injection of a low dose of eCG has the potential to induce multiple ovulation and pregnancies in cattle. The present study aimed to evaluate the ovarian response, conception rate and incidence of twin pregnancies of cyclic cows receiving 1 of 2 low doses of eCG. Multiparous Nellore (Bos t. indicus) cows with plasma progesterone levels >1 ng∙mL–1 on at least one of 2 blood samples collected at 10-day intervals (Day –10 and Day 0) received an intramuscular (IM) injection of 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate (EB; Estrogin®, AUSA, São Paulo, Brazil) and a vaginal device (DIP) containing 1 g of progesterone (Primer®, Tecnopec, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) on Day 0. On Day 8, the DIP was removed and cows received an IM injection of 150 μg of cloprostenol (Veteglan®, Hertape Calier, Juatuba, MG, Brazil). At this time, the animals were randomly distributed into 3 groups. Group 1 (n = 30) received an IM injection of 2 mL of saline, whereas groups 2 (n = 41) and 3 (n = 23) received 600 IU and 900 IU of eCG (Novormon® MSD Saude Animal, São Paulo, Brazil), respectively. Twenty-four hours later (Day 9), all groups received 1 mg of EB and were submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) 30 h later (i.e. 54 h after DIP removal). Oestrus observation was performed daily from the time of the withdrawal of the DIP until the day of FTAI. Ovaries were examined ultrasonically at the time of FTAI, the following day and 7 days after FTAI. Pregnancy diagnosis was done by ultrasonography 30 days after FTAI and the incidence of twin or single calves was recorded at birth. Data were analysed by chi-square test. The rate of expression of oestrus was 70.0% (group 1), 82.9% (group 2), and 78.2% (group 3; P = 0.25). Cows that had 2 or more large follicles at the time of FTAI was 0% (group 1), 14.6% (group 2), and 34.8% (group 3; P < 0.05). The ovulation rate of cows in group 1 (80.0%) was higher than cows in groups 2 (48.8%) and 3 (52.2%; P < 0.05). The conception rates for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 50.0, 26.8, and 39.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). Two animals in group 3, one in group 2, and none of group 1 had twin pregnancies on Day 30 after FTAI. Only one of these cows (group 3) had a twin calving. It was concluded that the injection of 600 or 900 IU eCG, in an oestradiol/progestogen FTAI protocol does not result in an increase in the rate of twin calvings, but may negatively affect pregnancy rates of cyclic Nellore cows.Financial support was provided by FAPESP (proc. 2011/13096–0).

scholarly journals Plasmakinetic vaporization versus plasmakinetic resection to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia: A prospective randomized trial with 1 year follow-up

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mert Ali Karadag ◽  
Kursat Cecen ◽  
Aslan Demir ◽  
Ramazan Kocaaslan ◽  
Fatih Altunrende
Keyword(s):  
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Hemoglobin Drop ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: We evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of plasmakinetic vaporization (PKVP) and plasmakinetic resection (PKR) to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods: A total of 183 patients with BPH underwent plasmakinetic prostatic surgery between 2008 and 2012 at Kars State Hospital and Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey. After clinical and preoperative evaluation, the patients were randomized to PKRP or PKVP groups sequentially by using computer-generated numbers. Group 1 included 96 patients treated with PKR. Group 2 included 87 patients treated with PKVP. Patients in both groups were compared in terms of hemoglobin drop, operation time, catheter duration, reobstruction, incontinence and recatheterization.Results: When we compared the maximum flow rates (Qmax values) at the 12th month, there was no statistical difference between 2 groups. Group 1 had a mean Qmax value of 17.92 ± 3.819 and Group 2 had a 18.15 ± 3.832 value (p > 0.05). There was a statistical difference between the groups in terms of hemoglobin drop, catheter duration and operation time. The mean catheter duration in Group 1 was 3.74 ± 1.049 days, and in Group 2 it was 2.64 ± 0.849 days (p < 0.05). Operation time was statistically longer in Group 2 (PKVP) and hemoglobin drop was statistically higher in Group 1 (PKR).Conclusion: PKVP for BPH is safe and effective. When compared with PKRP, it provides a significantly shorter catheter duration and less bleeding due to hemostasis control with similar IPSS and Qmax improvements after 1 year.

scholarly journals Contemporary Concepts and Techniques of Teaching Posterior Palatal Seal among Dental Colleges of Karnataka: A Cross-sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweekriti Mishra ◽  
BM Rashmi ◽  
K Ravishankar ◽  
Sanober Khan ◽  
Anoop Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Since literature provides various schools of thought to achieve Posterior Palatal Seal (PPS) in a maxillary denture, it becomes essential to know the techniques dominating in our curriculum presently. Aim: To determine the prevalence of concepts and also the need for standardisation in establishing PPS among dental colleges of Karnataka. Materials and Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted among teaching faculty of Department of Prosthodontics with varied teaching experience across the dental colleges of Karnataka. A pre-tested questionnaire containing ten close ended questions was distributed to 230 faculty members with MDS qualification in Prosthodontics via e-mail. The faculty responses were divided into three groups based on teaching experience: Group 1 (2-7 years), Group 2 (7-12 years) and Group 3 with more than 12 years of teaching experience. The Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test was used to compare the overall differences in the responses by the study participants; and Independent Chi-Square test to compare the differences in the responses based on teaching experience of the study participants. A value of p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The most common method taught for locating vibrating line was Phonation-Nose Blowing-Fovea Palatini (46.0%). Two-line concept of vibrating line was taught (77%) more commonly, where the termination of maxillary denture is on posterior vibrating line (58%). Currently, Boucher’s conventional method without master cast scoring (63%) was the most favoured method to record the seal. This was true mainly with Group 1 (81.9%) and Group 2 (66.7%). In contrast, Group 3 faculty largely advocated Boucher’s conventional technique along with master cast scoring (70%). Overall most of the faculty members (66.5%) did not make the students score the postpalatal area. This was mainly seen in faculty belonging to Group 1 (81.9%) and Group 2 (69.7%). Bulk of Group 3 faculty (75%) taught scoring of the master cast. A large portion of the faculty (60.0%) recommended standardisation in the methods of teaching PPS which was mainly backed by Group 2 (77.3%) and Group 1 (61.7%). Conclusion: This survey indicates that among dental colleges of Karnataka, a majority of faculty of Prosthodontics prefer Boucher’s conventional method without master cast scoring (63%) to achieve maxillary PPS. Nevertheless, teaching concepts differed based on faculty experience. It is emphasised that teaching methods should be standardised and include unambiguous techniques.

P–065 Advanced paternal age does affect egg donation program outcomes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Miguens ◽  
A M Quinteir. Retamar ◽  
D Acosta ◽  
G Veg. Balbuena ◽  
E Carreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Clinical Pregnancy ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Egg Donation ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Study question Does increasing paternal age has a negative impact in fertilization (FR), blastulation (BR), clinical pregnancy (CPR) and miscarriage (MR) rates in an egg donation program? Summary answer The increase paternal age in an egg donation program has not a negative impact in fertilization rate, blastulation rate, clinical pregnancy rates and miscarriage rates. What is known already It is well documented that semen quality is affected with increasing paternal age but there is no evidence-based definition of what is advanced paternal age. There is controversial information about if the increasing paternal age affects in vitro fertilization results, and when this negative impact could begin. Study design, size, duration This was a single center retrospective cohort study, involving 485 first single embryo transfer of an egg donation program, from January 2017 to December 2019. Participants/materials, setting, methods All first embryo transfer of egg donation cycles performed at CEGyR, Buenos Aires, Argentina were included. Elevated sperm DNA fragmentation (TUNEL &gt;20), sperm bank, and testicular biopsy cycles were excluded. Patients were divided according to male partner age: (1) &lt;41, (2) 41–44, (3) 45–50 and (4) &gt;50 years old. Group (1) was considered the control group. Statistical analyses were performed for FR and BR with ANOVA and CPR and MR with chi-squared tests. Main results and the role of chance The number of patients in group (1) was 200, in (2) 130, in (3) 117 and in (4) 38. Male average age was 36,8 in group (1), 42,2 in (2) 47,1 in (3) and 54,2 in group (4). The FR in group (1) was 72,60%, in group (2) was 73%, in (3) was 75% and 73% in (4). ANOVA results for FR: F = 0,65 (p: 0,58). The BR, defined as the relation between the total number of blastocysts over the number of fertilized oocytes in a cycle, was in group (1) 46,35%, in group (2) was 45%, in group (3) 46%, and in group (4) 42%. ANOVA results for BR F = 0,36 (p:0,78). The CPR in group (1) was 42,19%. Comparing with the other groups: group (2) was 37,09% (chi-square statistic=0,64 p:0,43); group (3) 34,58% (2,32 p:0,13); and group (4) was 32,43% (1,48 p:0,22). The MR in group (1) was 12,49%. Comparing with the other groups: group (2) was 18,55% (chi-square statistic=2,31 p:0,12); group (3) 14,94% (1,01 p:0,32); and group (4) was 15,85% (0,91 p:0,33). For all results analyzed there were not a statistically difference between groups. Limitations, reasons for caution The main limitation of this study was its retrospective design based on data from a single center which may be subject of bias. Wider implications of the findings: Further large prospective studies are required to make meaningful comparisons. Our findings give no support for a general recommendation. Trial registration number Not applicable

Outcomes among preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus: Relationship with treatment, gestational age, hemodynamic status and timing of treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
S.M. Chikkabyrappa ◽  
N. Chaudhary ◽  
A. Agarwal ◽  
D. Rastogi ◽  
P. Filipov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patent Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Hemodynamic Status ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Patent Ductus ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND: There remains controversy regarding the outcomes resulting from treatment versus conservative management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) among preterm infants. The effects of extreme prematurity, hemodynamic status of the PDA, and age at treatment remain poorly defined. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective case-control study including infants <  1250 gm who were categorized into 3 groups: Group 1: without PDA, Group 2: with untreated PDA, and Group 3: treated PDA. Diagnosis and treatment of PDA extracted from the medical records. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes compared using chi-square and analysis of variance. Logistic regression used to estimate adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS: The study included 734 infants, with 141(19%) in Group 1, 329 (45%) in 2, and 264 (36%) in 3. Group 3 had higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (aOR, 2.9; 95%CI 1.7–4.8). Infant treated for hemodynamically significant PDA (HSPDA) had higher incidence of BPD (aOR, 1.9; 95%CI 1.0–3.8) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (aOR, 3.4; 95%CI 1.6–6.9). There were no differences in outcome associated with treatment among≤26 weeks gestation and the age when treated. CONCLUSION: Infants with PDA who were treated had higher incidence of BPD. Among those who were treated, those with HSPDA had a higher incidence of BPD and ROP.

scholarly journals Influence of different methods of cervical flaring on establishment of working length

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieison Nardi Lazzaretti ◽  
Bernardo Alievi Camargo ◽  
Alvaro Della Bona ◽  
Volmir João Fornari ◽  
José Roberto Vanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Length Measurement ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the influence of three different rotary systems for cervical flaring on establishment of the real working length. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty mandibular first molars were submitted to conventional endodontic access and initial working length measurement, followed by irrigation/suction of the pulp chamber with 5% sodium hypochlorite. Teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10) and cervical flaring of the mesiobuccal canals were performed using one of the following instrument systems: Group 1 - Gates-Glidden burs; Group 2 - Orifice Openers; Group 3 - La Axxess system. Two subsequent numbers of instruments of each rotary system were used and the final working length was recorded. A digital calyper was used to record the working length, in millimeters, to investigate a possible discrepancy between initial and final measurements. RESULTS: Analysis of variance (Anova) na Tukey test revealed statistical difference between Group 1 and Groups 2 and 3 (p£ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: all groups presented shorter working length after cervical flaring; groups prepared with instruments La Axxes and Orifice Opener presented the best results among the systems studied.

scholarly journals Rational Decision On the Use of Antibiotics During the Dry Period in Dairy Cows

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis O. Lopes ◽  
Anna M. C. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Microbiological Culture ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Sealant Group ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics in cows during the dry period. The survey was performed on 148 teats during the dry period, with sample collection in the period D-70 (70 days before delivery) and D14 (14 days after delivery). The milk samples were collected for the Strip Cup Test (SCT), California Mastitis Test (CMT), Microbiological Culture, Somatic Cell Count (SCC), Somatic Cell Score (SCS) and Hyperkeratosis (HK). The groups in which there were no microorganisms grow were divided into two groups, in the first group only the internal sealant in the teat was used (Group 1) and there was another group with the intramammary antibiotic use associated with the internal sealant (Group 2). Teats which were considered positive, with microbiological growth, were treated with the intramammary antibiotic associated with the internal sealant (Group 3). In the comparison of the results of the CMT test between D-70 and D14, a statistical difference was observed in Groups 2 and 3. Group 3, which comprises the positive teats in D-70 presented a reduction of 83.87% and 32.26% in the CMT test between D-70 and D14. Regarding HK, group 1 and 2 had a statistical difference in relation to group 3 in D-70 and D14. As for the numbers of bacteria isolated in D-70 and D14, there was no difference comparing Group 1 and Group 2, unlike Group 3, which had a difference. Group 1 and Group 2 were all negative teats in D-70, showing that the intramammary antibiotic did not influence the outcome of D14. In group 3 there was a reduction of isolates from 62 to 15 in D14. The most prevalent microorganism was Streptococcus agalactiae with 43.37% of the total isolates, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.87%) and Corynebacterium spp. (13.25%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (SCN) (10.84%). The selective treatment of teats in dry dairy cows has advantages over Blanket Dry Cow Therapy by reducing the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, avoiding bacterial resistance, ensuring better milk quality and greater food safety. Antibiotics should only be used for teats with subclinical mastitis, with the microbiological culture at the end of lactation performed by fourth individual mammary.

scholarly journals Success Rates of Pulpotomies in Primary Molars Using Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Randomized Control Trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeliz Guven ◽  
Sermin Dicle Aksakal ◽  
Nilufer Avcu ◽  
Gulcan Unsal ◽  
Elif Bahar Tuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Primary Molars ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare, both clinically and radiographically, the effects of calcium silicate-based materials (i.e., ProRoot MTA [PR-MTA], MTA-Plus [MTA-P], and Biodentine [BD]) and ferric sulfate [FS] in pulpotomy of primary molars. Materials and Methods. In this randomized clinical trial, 29 healthy 5- to 7-year-old children with at least four carious primary molars with no clinical or radiographic evidence of pulp degeneration were enrolled. The pulpotomy agents were assigned as follows: Group 1: BD; Group 2: MTA-P; Group 3: PR-MTA; and Group 4: FS. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 6, 12, and 24 months. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests. Results. Total success rates at 24 months were 82.75%, 86.2%, 93.1%, and 75.86%, respectively. No statistically significant differences in total success rates were observed among the groups at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups. When the groups were compared according to follow-up times, the success rates in each group did not vary significantly among the 6–12-month, 6–24-month, or 12–24-month periods (p>0.05). Conclusion. Although the success rates of BD, MTA-P, MTA-PR, and FS did not differ significantly, calcium silicate-based materials appeared to be more appropriate than FS in clinical practice.

Major factors affecting intraocular pressure spike after intravitreal ranibizumab injection: Vitreous reflux and its amount

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enes Uyar ◽  
Fatih Ulas ◽  
Saygin Sahin ◽  
Serdal Celebi
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Intravitreal Injection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intravitreal Ranibizumab ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Group 1

Purpose:The aim of this study was to assess the effect of vitreous reflux and its amount on short-term intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab.Methods:The study included 316 eyes of 276 patients. Intraocular pressures were measured before intravitreal injection (preIOP), immediately after intravitreal injection (postIOP0), and 30 min after intravitreal injection (postIOP30). The amount of vitreous reflux was evaluated by measuring conjunctival bleb diameter, and patients were grouped as; group 1: no vitreous reflux, group 2: less vitreous reflux, and group 3: more vitreous reflux. The data were analyzed using variance analysis, chi-square test, and regression analysis.Results:PostIOP0 values were highest in group 1, followed by group 2 and group 3 (all p values < 0.001). PostIOP30 values were similar in group 1 and group 2 (p = 0.261), but were lower in group 3 than other two groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Vitreous reflux was identified as the only factor affecting postinjection intraocular pressure changes (p < 0.001), and a negative correlation was found between the total number of intravitreal injection and vitreous reflux (p = 0.032).Conclusion:The major factor affecting short-term postinjection intraocular pressure elevation was vitreous reflux, and intraocular pressure levels increased as the amount of vitreous reflux decreased. Vitreous reflux and its amount decreased as the total number of intravitreal injection increased.

Comparison of three different modalities for the treatment of bladder calculi by size

2021 ◽  
pp. 039156032110204
Author(s):  
Ali Yıldız ◽  
Hakan Anıl ◽  
İbrahim Erol ◽  
Kaan Karamık ◽  
Hakan Erçil
Keyword(s):  
Operative Time ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Ureteral Stones ◽  
Stone Size ◽  
Postoperative Stay ◽  
Bladder Stones ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group 1

Purpose: Treatment recommendations for kidney or ureteral stones are based on stone size; however, this is uncertain for bladder stones. This study aims to determine the best approach to bladder stones based on their size. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed 401 patients with bladder stones. Patients were divided into three different groups according to stone size (11–20 mm, 21–30 mm, 31–40 mm as groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively). Patients had transurethral cystolithotripsy (TUCL), percutaneous cystolithotripsy (PCCL), and open cystolithotomy (OCL) performed. Results: Stone fragments were removed completely in all patients. When catheter time, postoperative stay, and hematocrit decrease values were compared, the results were significantly higher for OCL in all three groups ( p: 0.001). When the relationship between stone sizes and operation time is evaluated, TUCL had shorter operation times (34.1 ± 10.6 min) in group 1. However, TUCL had longer operation times in group 2 and group 3 compared to OCL and PCCL. Conclusion: TUCL may be preferable due to better postoperative outcomes and shorter operative time for ⩽2 cm stones. As the stone size increases, PCCL is more favorable in terms of operation time.

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