scholarly journals Evaluation of Reproducible and Transparent Research Practices in Pulmonology Publications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb A. Smith ◽  
Johnny Nolan ◽  
Daniel J. Tritz ◽  
Trace E. Heavener ◽  
Jameson Pelton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Primary Literature ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Interest Statement ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Medical Specialities

AbstractRationaleStudy reproducibility is valuable for validating or refuting results. Provision of reproducibility indicators, such as materials, protocols, and raw data in a study to improve its potential for reproduction. Efforts to reproduce noteworthy studies in the biomedical sciences have resulted in an overwhelming majority of them being found to be unreplicable, causing concern for the integrity of research in other fields, including medical specialities.ObjectiveHere, we analyzed the reproducibility of studies in the field of pulmonology.Methods300 pulmonology articles were randomly selected from an initial PubMed search for data extraction. Two authors scoured these articles for reproducibility indicators including materials, protocols, raw data, analysis scripts, inclusion in systematic reviews, and citations by replication studies as well as other factors of research transparency including open accessibility, funding source and competing interest disclosures, and study preregistration.Main ResultsFew publications included statements regarding materials (11%), protocols (1%), data (21%), and analysis script (0%) availability. Less than 10% indicated preregistration. More than half of the publications analyzed failed to provide a funding statement. Conversely, 66% of the publications were open access and 70% included a conflict of interest statement.ConclusionOverall, our study indicates pulmonology research is currently lacking in efforts to increase replicability. Future studies should focus on providing sufficient information regarding materials, protocols, raw data, and analysis scripts, among other indicators, for the sake of clinical decisions that depend on replicable or refutable results from the primary literature.

scholarly journals Reproducible and Transparent Research Practices in Published Neurology Research

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Rauh ◽  
Trevor Torgerson ◽  
Austin L. Johnson ◽  
Jonathan Pollard ◽  
Daniel Tritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Pubmed Search

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the nature and extent of reproducible and transparent research practices in neurology research.MethodsThe NLM catalog was used to identify MEDLINE-indexed neurology journals. A PubMed search of these journals was conducted to retrieve publications over a 5-year period from 2014 to 2018. A random sample of publications was extracted. Two authors conducted data extraction in a blinded, duplicate fashion using a pilot-tested Google form. This form prompted data extractors to determine whether publications provided access to items such as study materials, raw data, analysis scripts, and protocols. In addition, we determined if the publication was included in a replication study or systematic review, was preregistered, had a conflict of interest declaration, specified funding sources, and was open access.ResultsOur search identified 223,932 publications meeting the inclusion criteria, from which 300 were randomly sampled. Only 290 articles were accessible, yielding 202 publications with empirical data for analysis. Our results indicate that 8.99% provided access to materials, 9.41% provided access to raw data, 0.50% provided access to the analysis scripts, 0.99% linked the protocol, and 3.47% were preregistered. A third of sampled publications lacked funding or conflict of interest statements. No publications from our sample were included in replication studies, but a fifth were cited in a systematic review or meta-analysis.ConclusionsCurrent research in the field of neurology does not consistently provide information needed for reproducibility. The implications of poor research reporting can both affect patient care and increase research waste. Collaborative intervention by authors, peer reviewers, journals, and funding sources is needed to mitigate this problem.

Evaluating Reproducibility and Transparency in Emergency Medicine Publications (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Johnson ◽  
Shelby Rauh ◽  
Daniel Tritz ◽  
Michael Schiesel ◽  
Ben Matthew Vassar
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Peer Reviewers

BACKGROUND Reproducibility is the backbone to ensuring reliable and transparent research. However, evidence reveals reproducibility may be lacking within emergency medicine. Reproducibility is defined by the replication of a study design and obtaining similar findings. Studies that share research components such as raw data, protocols, and analysis scripts increase the overall reproducibility by aiding study replication. Due to the evidence reproducibility in emergency medicine research may be lacking, investigation of the sharing of these research components is warranted. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the reproducibility of empirical research by determining the availability of components required for replication of a study, including materials, raw data, analysis scripts, protocols, and preregistration. METHODS The National Library of Medicine catalog was used to identify English language and MEDLINE-indexed emergency medicine journals. From 30 journals that met the inclusion criteria, 300 publications from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018, were randomly sampled using a refined PubMed search. Two investigators were trained for data extraction and analysis and were blinded for independent extraction of data. Extracted data included statements regarding the availability of materials, data, analysis scripts, protocols, and registration. RESULTS After search criteria were set, 25,473 articles were found, from which we randomly selected a sample of 300. Of the 300 articles, only 290 articles were accessible, and of these, 178 articles contained empirical data to analyze. Of the empirical articles eligible for each type of statement, 3.94% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.74% to 6.14%) provided a materials statement, 9.42% (95% CI 6.11% to 12.73%) provided a data statement, 0.72% (95% CI 0% to 1.68%) provided access to the analysis scripts, 2.17% (95% CI 0.52% to 3.82%) linked the protocol, and 7.25% (95% CI 4.31% to 10.18%) were preregistered. CONCLUSIONS Emergency medicine studies are lacking indicators required for reproducibility. The vast majority of studies fail to report factors needed to reproduce research to ensure credibility, which requires an intervention that can be achieved through the collaboration of researchers, peer reviewers, funding agencies, and journals.

scholarly journals The socioeconomic burden of antibiotic resistance in conflict-affected settings and refugee hosting countries: a systematic scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Kobeissi ◽  
Marilyne Menassa ◽  
Krystel Moussally ◽  
Ernestina Repetto ◽  
Ismail Soboh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
General Populations ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a major global threat. Armed and protracted conflicts act as multipliers of infection and ABR, thus leading to increased healthcare and societal costs. We aimed to understand and describe the socioeconomic burden of ABR in conflict-affected settings and refugee hosting countries by conducting a systematic scoping review. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Medline (Ovid), Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Open Grey databases was conducted to identify all relevant human studies published between January 1990 and August 2019. An updated search was also conducted in April 2020 using Medline/Ovid. Independent screenings of titles/abstracts followed by full texts were performed using pre-defined criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess study quality. Data extraction and analysis were based on the PICOS framework and following the PRISMA-ScR guideline. Results The search yielded 8 studies (7 publications), most of which were single-country, mono-center and retrospective studies. The studies were conducted in Lebanon (n = 3), Iraq (n = 2), Jordan (n = 1), Palestine (n = 1) and Yemen (n = 1). Most of the studies did not have a primary aim to assess the socioeconomic impact of ABR and were small studies with limited statistical power that could not demonstrate significant associations. The included studies lacked sufficient information for the accurate evaluation of the cost incurred by antibiotic resistant infections in conflict-affected countries. Conclusion This review highlights the scarcity of research on the socioeconomic burden of ABR on general populations in conflict-affected settings and on refugees and migrants in host countries, and lists recommendations for consideration in future studies. Further studies are needed to understand the cost of ABR in these settings to develop and implement adaptable policies.

Amisulpride: A New Drug for Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

2021 ◽  
pp. 106002802098701
Author(s):  
Stacy L. Haber ◽  
April Graybill ◽  
Ani Minasian
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Nausea ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Abdominal Distension ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Dopamine Antagonists ◽  
Dopamine Antagonist ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Pubmed Search

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of amisulpride and determine its role in the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Data Sources: A PubMed search (1946 to November 2020) using the terms amisulpride and APD421 was conducted. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Relevant reports on intravenous amisulpride were included. Data Synthesis: Six clinical trials were evaluated. In 4 trials on the prevention of PONV, a greater percentage of patients who received amisulpride 5 mg compared with placebo experienced a complete response (44%-60% vs 31%-33%, respectively, when used as monotherapy; 58% vs 47%, respectively, when used in combination with another antiemetic). In 2 trials on the treatment of PONV, a significantly greater percentage of patients who received amisulpride 10 mg compared with placebo experienced a complete response (31.4% vs 21.5%, respectively, in patients who had not received prophylaxis; 41.7% vs 28.5%, respectively, in patients who had received prophylaxis). Adverse effects included infusion site pain, chills, hypokalemia, procedural hypotension, and abdominal distension. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Amisulpride is effective for the management of PONV and may be less likely to cause QT prolongation and extrapyramidal symptoms than other dopamine antagonists. Additional information is needed on its use for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and in children. Conclusions: Amisulpride is an important new option for the multimodal management of PONV in adults, and it may be the preferred dopamine antagonist because of the more favorable safety profile that results from its unique pharmacological properties.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2-associated gastrointestinal and liver diseases: what is known and what is needed to explore

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Sweed ◽  
Eman Abdelsameea ◽  
Esraa A. Khalifa ◽  
Heba Abdallah ◽  
Heba Moaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Septic Focus ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Abstract Background The pandemic of COVID19 which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first described in China as an unexplained pneumonia transmitted by respiratory droplets. Gastrointestinal (GI) and liver injury associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported as an early or sole disease manifestation, mainly outside China. The exact mechanism and incidence of GI and liver involvement are not well elucidated. Main body We conducted a PubMed search for all articles written in the English language about SARS-CoV-2 affecting the GI and liver. Following data extraction, 590 articles were selected. In addition to respiratory droplets, SARS-CoV-2 may reach the GI system through the fecal-oral route, saliva, and swallowing of nasopharyngeal fluids, while breastmilk and blood transmission were not implicated. Moreover, GI infection may act as a septic focus for viral persistence and transmission to the liver, appendix, and brain. In addition to the direct viral cytopathic effect, the mechanism of injury is multifactorial and is related to genetic and demographic variations. The most frequently reported GI symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bleeding. However, liver infection is generally discovered during laboratory testing or a post-mortem. Radiological imaging is the gold standard in diagnosing COVID-19 patients and contributes to understanding the mechanism of extra-thoracic involvement. Medications should be prescribed with caution, especially in chronic GI and liver patients. Conclusion GI manifestations are common in COVID-19 patients. Special care should be paid for high-risk patients, older males, and those with background liver disease.

Brexanolone: A Novel Drug for the Treatment of Postpartum Depression

2020 ◽  
pp. 089719002097962
Author(s):  
Edna Patatanian ◽  
David R. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
English Language ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Pharmacologic Therapy ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Pubmed Search

Objectives: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of Brexanolone and define its role in the treatment of postpartum depression. Date Sources: A MEDLINE/PubMed search was conducted (1980-May 2020) using the following keywords: postpartum depression, antidepressants, pharmacologic therapy, drug therapy, and brexanolone to identify relevant articles. Study Selection/Data Extraction: Literature search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Phase I, II, and III studies evaluating the pharmacology, efficacy, safety of brexanolone for postpartum depression were included. Bibliographies of relevant articles evaluating postpartum depression and treatment were reviewed for additional citations and background information. Data Synthesis: Brexanolone is a soluble, proprietary, injectable formulation of allopregnanolone, a neuroactive steroid that modulates neuronal excitability. Allopregnanolone levels increase during pregnancy and decrease substantially after birth. These fluctuations have profound effects on anxiety and depression. Three clinical trials established the efficacy and safety of brexanolone in the treatment of postpartum depression. In all 3 trials, brexanolone had an acceptable safety profile and was well tolerated. The most common adverse effects were loss of consciousness, sedation, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, and flushing. Due to sudden loss of consciousness and excessive sedation, continuous pulse oximetry is recommended. Conclusion: Brexanolone has a novel mechanism of action and appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of moderate to severe postpartum depression. At present, high cost, serious adverse effects, and restricted access may limit its use in clinical practice.

Lead in Mineral or Multivitamin-Multimineral Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 106002802110233
Author(s):  
C. Michael White
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Zinc Supplements ◽  
Average Lead ◽  
Year 2000

Objective Assess the current daily interim reference level of lead and the amount contained in current mineral and multivitamin-multimineral (MVM) products. Data Sources PubMed search from 1980 to May 15, 2021, limited to the English language, via the search strategy ((mineral OR multivitamin OR calcium OR iron OR magnesium OR copper OR zinc OR chromium OR selenium) AND (heavy metals OR Pb OR lead)). Study Selection and Data Extraction Narrative review of studies assessing lead content in mineral or MVM products. Data Synthesis Products containing different calcium forms (dolomite, bone meal, natural carbonate) have historically had higher lead levels than others (refined carbonate, lactate, gluconate, acetate, sevelamer), but the gap has closed considerably since the year 2000. Although only limited assessments of magnesium and zinc supplements have been conducted, no alarming average lead amounts were found. MVM products assessed since 2007 had low median or mean lead concentrations. However, large interproduct differences exist, with many products having very little lead and some products having concerning amounts. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice It is difficult for pharmacists and consumers to know the amount of lead in an actual product unless it is tested in an independent third-party lab. The United States Pharmacopeia and NSF International will provide a seal on the products stating that the products have a low level of lead, but even so, children could receive more lead than the Food and Drug Administration’s Interim Reference Level. Conclusions The threat from lead exposure in mineral and MVM products have diminsihed considerably over time but some products can still have excessive amounts. Without third-party testing, it is difficult for clinicians and consumers to know which outlier products to avoid.

Who is a survivor of suicide loss? A systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S601-S601
Author(s):  
S. Gili ◽  
C. Delicato ◽  
A. Feggi ◽  
C. Gramaglia ◽  
P. Zeppegno
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Helping Relationship ◽  
Survivors Of Suicide ◽  
Suicide Bereavement ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Survivor Of Suicide

IntroductionDeath by suicide stuns with soul-crushing surprise, leaving family and friends not only grieving the unexpected death, but confused and lost by this haunting loss. The underlying structure of grief for survivors of suicide loss appears complicated.AimsThe purpose of this study consists in reviewing literature data about survivors of suicide, especially exploring the few informations emerged by researches on the role of psychiatrist as “survivor”.MethodsA PubMed search was conducted using combinations of the following keywords: survivors suicide or bereavement suicide or suicide psychiatrists and randomized.The search was conducted through September 10, 2015, and no conference proceedings were included.ResultsBereavement following suicide is complicated by the psychological impact of the act on those close to the victim. It is further complicated by the societal perception that the act of suicide is a failure by the victim and the family to deal with some emotional issue and ultimately society affixes blame for the loss on the survivors. This individual or societal stigma introduces a unique stress on the bereavement process that in some cases requires clinical intervention.ConclusionsSuicide bereavement seems to be different from natural loss. Clinicians may react to a patient's suicide both on a personal and professional level, with emotions such as loss of self-esteem or blame. This grief somehow nullifies the core of a helping relationship and may imply a more conservative management of future patients or even avoiding to accept suicidal patients for treatment. Support interventions have been proposed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Aspirin Use for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Older Patients: A Review of Clinical Guidelines and Updated Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 580-594
Author(s):  
Jelena Lewis ◽  
Laressa Bethishou ◽  
Laura V. Tsu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Meta Analyses

OBJECTIVE: To provide an up-to-date review of current guidelines, previous trials, and new trials regarding aspirin use in primary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease in the elderly population. DATA SOURCES: A PubMed search of articles published through April 2019 was performed using a combination of the following words: aspirin, bleeding, cardiovascular, elderly, hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, primary prevention, stroke. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and guidelines were assessed for the use of aspirin in primary prevention of CV disease in older patients. References from the above literature were also evaluated. Articles were selected for inclusion based on relevance to the topic, detailed methods, and complete results. DATA SYNTHESIS: The role of aspirin for primary prevention of CV disease in older adults is not well defined. As a result, the guideline recommendations for the use of aspirin in this setting are inconsistent. In 2018, the ARRIVE, ASCEND, and ASPREE studies were published. These studies tried to address some of the inconsistencies regarding the use of aspirin in primary prevention of CV disease. This article reviews the current recommendations along with previous and recent studies for aspirin use for primary prevention in older adults. CONCLUSION: The role of aspirin for primary prevention of CV disease in older adults should be individualized based on patient's risk factors, including risk of CV disease and likelihood of bleeding. Updated evidence provides more guidance regarding which patient populations will benefit from therapy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document