scholarly journals Prototypical pacemaker neurons are immunocompetent cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Klimovich ◽  
Stefania Giacomello ◽  
Åsa Björklund ◽  
Louis Faure ◽  
Marketa Kaucka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Basal Metazoan ◽  
Rhythmic Contractions ◽  
Microbial Environment ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Circuit Function

Pacemaker neurons exert control over neuronal circuit function by their intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic bursts of action potential. Recent work has identified rhythmic gut contractions in human, mice and hydra to be dependent on both neurons and the resident microbiota. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin of these neurons and their interaction with microbes. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized prototypical ANO/SCN/TRPM ion channel expressing pacemaker cells in the basal metazoan Hydra by using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics, immunochemistry, and functional experiments. Unexpectedly, these prototypical pacemaker neurons express a rich set of immune-related genes mediating their interaction with the microbial environment. Functional experiments validated a model of the evolutionary emergence of pacemaker cells as neurons using components of innate immunity to interact with the microbial environment and ion channels to generate rhythmic contractions.

scholarly journals Prototypical pacemaker neurons interact with the resident microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17854-17863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Klimovich ◽  
Stefania Giacomello ◽  
Åsa Björklund ◽  
Louis Faure ◽  
Marketa Kaucka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Basal Metazoan ◽  
Rhythmic Contractions ◽  
Microbial Environment ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Circuit Function

Pacemaker neurons exert control over neuronal circuit function by their intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic bursts of action potential. Recent work has identified rhythmic gut contractions in human, mice, and hydra to be dependent on both neurons and the resident microbiota. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin of these neurons and their interaction with microbes. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized prototypical ANO/SCN/TRPM ion channel-expressing pacemaker cells in the basal metazoanHydraby using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics, immunochemistry, and functional experiments. Unexpectedly, these prototypical pacemaker neurons express a rich set of immune-related genes mediating their interaction with the microbial environment. Furthermore, functional experiments gave a strong support to a model of the evolutionary emergence of pacemaker cells as neurons using components of innate immunity to interact with the microbial environment and ion channels to generate rhythmic contractions.

scholarly journals Basal Level p53 Suppresses Antiviral Immunity against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 727
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Chen ◽  
Liu ◽  
Qi ◽  
Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Fmdv Replication

Tumor suppressor protein p53 (p53) is a master transcription factor that plays key roles in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and metabolism, as well as regulation of innate immunity during virus infection. In order to facilitate their replication and spreading, viruses have evolved to manipulate p53 function through different strategies, with some requiring active p53 while others demand reduction/inhibition of p53 activity. However, there are no clear-cut reports about the roles of p53 during the infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the causative agent of a highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) of cloven-hoofed animals. Here we showed that p53 level was dynamically regulated during FMDV infection, being degraded at the early infection stage but recovered to the basal level at the late stage. Cells depleted of p53 showed inhibited FMDV replication and enhanced expression of the immune-related genes, whereas overexpression of p53 didn’t affect the viral replication. Viral challenge assay with p53 knockout mice obtained similar results, with viral load decreased, histopathological changes alleviated, and lifespan extended in the p53 knockout mice. Together, these data demonstrate that basal level p53 is required for efficient FMDV replication by suppressing the innate immunity.

The Storage of Time Intervals Using Oscillating Neurons

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Miall
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Output Unit ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Common Multiple ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Encoding Scheme ◽  
Output Neuron ◽  
Recall Time

A mechanism to store and recall time intervals ranging from hundreds of milliseconds to tens of seconds is described. The principle is based on beat frequencies between oscillating elements; any small group of oscillators codes specifically for an interval equal to the lowest common multiple of their oscillation periods. This mechanism could be realized in the nervous system by an output neuron, excited by a group of pacemaker neurons, and able to select via a Hebbian rule a subgroup of pacemaker cells to encode any given interval, or small number of intervals (for example, a pattern of pulses). Recall could be achieved by resetting the pacemaker cells and setting a threshold for activation of the output unit. A simulation is described and the main features of such an encoding scheme are discussed.

Temperature and neuronal circuit function: compensation, tuning and tolerance

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Meldrum Robertson ◽  
Tomas GA Money
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Circuit Function

Internalization of Carbon Nano-onions by Hippocampal Cells Preserves Neuronal Circuit Function and Recognition Memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 16952-16963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Trusel ◽  
Michele Baldrighi ◽  
Roberto Marotta ◽  
Francesca Gatto ◽  
Mattia Pesce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Circuit Function

scholarly journals Does Global Astrocytic Calcium Signaling Participate in Awake Brain State Transitions and Neuronal Circuit Function?

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1810-1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Kjaerby ◽  
Rune Rasmussen ◽  
Mie Andersen ◽  
Maiken Nedergaard
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Signaling ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Circuit Function

scholarly journals Poking COVID-19: insights on genomic constraints among immune-related genes between Qatari and Italian populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdi Mbarek ◽  
Massimiliano Cocca ◽  
Yasser Al Sarraj ◽  
Chadi Saad ◽  
Massimo Mezzavilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
Exome Sequence Data ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Exome Sequence

AbstractHost genomic information, specifically genomic variations, may characterize susceptibility to disease and identify people with a higher risk of harm, leading to better targeting of care and vaccination. Italy was the epicentre for the spread of COVID-19 in Europe, the first country to go into a national lockdown and has one of the highest COVID-19 associated mortality rates. Qatar, on the other hand has a very low mortality rate. In this study, we compared whole-genome sequencing data of 14398 adults and Qatari-national to 925 Italian individuals. We also included in the comparison whole-exome sequence data from 189 Italian laboratory confirmed COVID-19 cases. We focused our study on a curated list of 3619 candidate genes involved in innate immunity and host-pathogen interaction. Two population-gene metric scores, the Delta Singleton-Cohort variant score (DSC) and Sum Singleton-Cohort variant score (SSC), were applied to estimate the presence of selective constraints in the Qatari population and in the Italian cohorts. Results based on DSC SSC metrics demonstrated a different selective pressure on three genes (MUC5AC, ABCA7, FLNA) between Qatari and Italian populations. This study highlighted the genetic differences between Qatari and Italian populations and identified a subset of genes involved in innate immunity and host-pathogen interaction.

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