scholarly journals Prototypical pacemaker neurons interact with the resident microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17854-17863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Klimovich ◽  
Stefania Giacomello ◽  
Åsa Björklund ◽  
Louis Faure ◽  
Marketa Kaucka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Basal Metazoan ◽  
Rhythmic Contractions ◽  
Microbial Environment ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Circuit Function

Pacemaker neurons exert control over neuronal circuit function by their intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic bursts of action potential. Recent work has identified rhythmic gut contractions in human, mice, and hydra to be dependent on both neurons and the resident microbiota. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin of these neurons and their interaction with microbes. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized prototypical ANO/SCN/TRPM ion channel-expressing pacemaker cells in the basal metazoanHydraby using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics, immunochemistry, and functional experiments. Unexpectedly, these prototypical pacemaker neurons express a rich set of immune-related genes mediating their interaction with the microbial environment. Furthermore, functional experiments gave a strong support to a model of the evolutionary emergence of pacemaker cells as neurons using components of innate immunity to interact with the microbial environment and ion channels to generate rhythmic contractions.

scholarly journals Prototypical pacemaker neurons are immunocompetent cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Klimovich ◽  
Stefania Giacomello ◽  
Åsa Björklund ◽  
Louis Faure ◽  
Marketa Kaucka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Basal Metazoan ◽  
Rhythmic Contractions ◽  
Microbial Environment ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Circuit Function

Pacemaker neurons exert control over neuronal circuit function by their intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic bursts of action potential. Recent work has identified rhythmic gut contractions in human, mice and hydra to be dependent on both neurons and the resident microbiota. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin of these neurons and their interaction with microbes. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized prototypical ANO/SCN/TRPM ion channel expressing pacemaker cells in the basal metazoan Hydra by using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics, immunochemistry, and functional experiments. Unexpectedly, these prototypical pacemaker neurons express a rich set of immune-related genes mediating their interaction with the microbial environment. Functional experiments validated a model of the evolutionary emergence of pacemaker cells as neurons using components of innate immunity to interact with the microbial environment and ion channels to generate rhythmic contractions.

The Storage of Time Intervals Using Oscillating Neurons

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Miall
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Output Unit ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Common Multiple ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Encoding Scheme ◽  
Output Neuron ◽  
Recall Time

A mechanism to store and recall time intervals ranging from hundreds of milliseconds to tens of seconds is described. The principle is based on beat frequencies between oscillating elements; any small group of oscillators codes specifically for an interval equal to the lowest common multiple of their oscillation periods. This mechanism could be realized in the nervous system by an output neuron, excited by a group of pacemaker neurons, and able to select via a Hebbian rule a subgroup of pacemaker cells to encode any given interval, or small number of intervals (for example, a pattern of pulses). Recall could be achieved by resetting the pacemaker cells and setting a threshold for activation of the output unit. A simulation is described and the main features of such an encoding scheme are discussed.

Temperature and neuronal circuit function: compensation, tuning and tolerance

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Meldrum Robertson ◽  
Tomas GA Money
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Circuit Function

Internalization of Carbon Nano-onions by Hippocampal Cells Preserves Neuronal Circuit Function and Recognition Memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 16952-16963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Trusel ◽  
Michele Baldrighi ◽  
Roberto Marotta ◽  
Francesca Gatto ◽  
Mattia Pesce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Circuit Function

scholarly journals Does Global Astrocytic Calcium Signaling Participate in Awake Brain State Transitions and Neuronal Circuit Function?

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1810-1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Kjaerby ◽  
Rune Rasmussen ◽  
Mie Andersen ◽  
Maiken Nedergaard
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Signaling ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Circuit Function

Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
E.D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
New Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intermediate Domain ◽  
Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

Amyloid β-peptide and Alzheimer's disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Allsop ◽  
Jennifer Mayes
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Senile Plaques ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Aβ Amyloid ◽  
Amyloid Cascade

One of the hallmarks of AD (Alzheimer's disease) is the formation of senile plaques in the brain, which contain fibrils composed of Aβ (amyloid β-peptide). According to the ‘amyloid cascade’ hypothesis, the aggregation of Aβ initiates a sequence of events leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, neurodegeneration, and on to the main symptom of dementia. However, emphasis has now shifted away from fibrillar forms of Aβ and towards smaller and more soluble ‘oligomers’ as the main culprit in AD. The present chapter commences with a brief introduction to the disease and its current treatment, and then focuses on the formation of Aβ from the APP (amyloid precursor protein), the genetics of early-onset AD, which has provided strong support for the amyloid cascade hypothesis, and then on the development of new drugs aimed at reducing the load of cerebral Aβ, which is still the main hope for providing a more effective treatment for AD in the future.

Instrumental and Ideological Union Commitment: Longitudinal Assessment of Construct Validity

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Sjöberg ◽  
Magnus Sverke
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Union Commitment ◽  
Union Participation

Summary: Previous research has identified instrumentality and ideology as important aspects of member attachment to labor unions. The present study evaluated the construct validity of a scale designed to reflect the two dimensions of instrumental and ideological union commitment using a sample of 1170 Swedish blue-collar union members. Longitudinal data were used to test seven propositions referring to the dimensionality, internal consistency reliability, and temporal stability of the scale as well as postulated group differences in union participation to which the scale should be sensitive. Support for the hypothesized factor structure of the scale and for adequate reliabilities of the dimensions was obtained and was also replicated 18 months later. Tests for equality of measurement model parameters and test-retest correlations indicated support for the temporal stability of the scale. In addition, the results were consistent with most of the predicted differences between groups characterized by different patterns of change/stability in union participation status. The study provides strong support for the construct validity of the scale and indicates that it can be used in future theory testing on instrumental and ideological union commitment.

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