The Storage of Time Intervals Using Oscillating Neurons

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Miall
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Output Unit ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Common Multiple ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Encoding Scheme ◽  
Output Neuron ◽  
Recall Time

A mechanism to store and recall time intervals ranging from hundreds of milliseconds to tens of seconds is described. The principle is based on beat frequencies between oscillating elements; any small group of oscillators codes specifically for an interval equal to the lowest common multiple of their oscillation periods. This mechanism could be realized in the nervous system by an output neuron, excited by a group of pacemaker neurons, and able to select via a Hebbian rule a subgroup of pacemaker cells to encode any given interval, or small number of intervals (for example, a pattern of pulses). Recall could be achieved by resetting the pacemaker cells and setting a threshold for activation of the output unit. A simulation is described and the main features of such an encoding scheme are discussed.

METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

scholarly journals Differentiation of different race face in micro time intervals

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.I. Ananyeva ◽  
A.V. Zhegallo
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Transition Series ◽  
Classical Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

A study was conducted on the manifestation of the categorical effect of the perception of faces of the Caucasian and Mongoloid type under different time conditions of exposure of images. It was shown that at time intervals from 200 cm to 1 s, the effect of manifestation is different. It is shown that with increasing exposure time of stimulus images, the accuracy of solving the discriminatory AVX problem for all pairs of images in the transition series increases. Moreover, the manifestations of the classical effect of categorization of perception are observed only when demonstrating images for 200 ms. The hypothesis about the relationship between the accuracy of solving the discriminatory task and the individual characteristics of the subjects was also tested. In general, this hypothesis has not been confirmed. However, at the level of the trend, a relationship was found between individual accuracy in solving the discriminatory AVX problem and the strength of the nervous system, diagnosed using the Tapping test method.

scholarly journals Prototypical pacemaker neurons interact with the resident microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17854-17863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Klimovich ◽  
Stefania Giacomello ◽  
Åsa Björklund ◽  
Louis Faure ◽  
Marketa Kaucka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Basal Metazoan ◽  
Rhythmic Contractions ◽  
Microbial Environment ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Circuit Function

Pacemaker neurons exert control over neuronal circuit function by their intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic bursts of action potential. Recent work has identified rhythmic gut contractions in human, mice, and hydra to be dependent on both neurons and the resident microbiota. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin of these neurons and their interaction with microbes. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized prototypical ANO/SCN/TRPM ion channel-expressing pacemaker cells in the basal metazoanHydraby using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics, immunochemistry, and functional experiments. Unexpectedly, these prototypical pacemaker neurons express a rich set of immune-related genes mediating their interaction with the microbial environment. Furthermore, functional experiments gave a strong support to a model of the evolutionary emergence of pacemaker cells as neurons using components of innate immunity to interact with the microbial environment and ion channels to generate rhythmic contractions.

scholarly journals Nutritional status of vitamin B12 on small group of dental students based on food frequency questionnaire (IN PRESS)

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izzatul Syafiqah ◽  
Nanan Nur'aeny ◽  
Erna Herawati
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Food Frequency

Introduction: Vitamin B12 plays an important role in general cell metabolism. Vitamin B12 also essential for normal hematopoietic, importance in maintaining the integrity of nervous system and formation of nervous system. Even though vitamin B12 is essential for good health, some people may not be getting enough intake of vvitamin B12. The purpose of this research is to get information about the nutritional status of vitamin B12 on dental students based on food frequency questionnaire. Methods: Method used in this research were descriptive non experimental of 30 dental students from Faculty of Dentistry in Universitas Padjadjaran. All samples were given the food frequency questionnaire and recorded the amount of food were taken within 7 days. The consumption of vitamin B12 daily were calculated by using Nutrisurvey software. Results: Among 30 students, there were 7 students who were in lack of consumption of vitamin B12, 14 students or almost half of them who were in normal level and 9 students who were in high level of Vitamin B12 consumption. Conclusion: The Nutritional Status of Vitamin B12 on Small Group of Dental Students Based on Food Frequency Questionnaire were mostly in normal level.

scholarly journals Single-dose Levodopa Administration and Aging Independently Disrupt Time Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Rakitin ◽  
Nikolaos Scarmeas ◽  
Tina Li ◽  
Chariklia Malapani ◽  
Yaakov Stern
Keyword(s):  
Aging Effects ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Production ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Timing Errors ◽  
Timing Effect ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Recall Time

We tested the hypothesis that age-related time production deficits are dopamine-mediated. The experiment was conducted double-blind, and with random assignment of 32 healthy aged and 32 healthy young participants to either inert placebo or levodopa (200 mg) groups. The procedure included training participants to produce two target time intervals (6 and 17 sec) in separate blocks, drug/placebo administration, a 1-hr delay, and then delayed free-recall time production retesting without feedback. Participants also performed a speeded choice reaction time (RT) task, as a control for potential dopaminergic and aging effects on attention and psychomotor speed. Results indicate that during retesting, aged participants show duration-dependent timing errors that are larger than those shown by the young participants. Levodopa administration yielded lengthened time production of both target intervals. The aging and levodopa effects did not interact. Also, aging slowed RT and increased RT variability, but levodopa had no effect on the RT. These results suggest that at this dosage and under these specific conditions, timing is dopamine-mediated but the effect of aging on time production is not. Moreover, the levodopa timing effect cannot be attributed to the effects of dopaminergic function on psychomotor speed.

Healing in the central nervous system of mammals

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 624-625
Author(s):  
Doreen E. Ashhurst ◽  
M. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Collagenous Tissue ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Regeneration of axons in the mammalian CNS appears to be limited to a small group of unmyelinated fibres; the majority of axons are unable to grow across a lesion. Despite much work, the mechanism by which the growth of these axons is inhibited, is not understood. A mature, fully healed lesion is filled by collagenous tissue and bordered by the foot processes of astrocytes. Little is known of the early stages in the healing of a lesion, and since it was considered that the sequence of events in the days immediately following injury might be of special significance in determining whether the regenerating axons cross the lesion, this study was initiated.Lesions made with a knife were placed stereotactically in the left cerebral hemisphere of 30-day-old Wistar rats of either sex. After periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 30 days, the brains were perfused first with 20% and then 5% glutaraldehyde in 0. 1M phosphate buffer, pH 7. 2 containing 0. 05M sucrose.

scholarly journals Dental pulp stem cells as a therapy for congenital entero-neuropathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Yoshimaru ◽  
Takayoshi Yamaza ◽  
Shunichi Kajioka ◽  
Soichiro Sonoda ◽  
Yusuke Yanagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Dental Pulp Stem Cells ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Deciduous Teeth ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Distal Intestine

Abstract Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital entero-neuropathy that causes chronic constipation and intestinal obstruction. New treatments for entero-neuropathy are needed because current surgical strategies have limitations5. Entero-neuropathy results from enteric nervous system dysfunction due to incomplete colonization of the distal intestine by neural crest-derived cells. Impaired cooperation between the enteric nervous system and intestinal pacemaker cells may also contribute to entero-neuropathy. Stem cell therapy to repair these multiple defects represents a novel treatment approach. Dental pulp stem cells derived from deciduous teeth (dDPSCs) are multipotent cranial neural crest-derived cells, but it remains unknown whether dDPSCs have potential as a new therapy for entero-neuropathy. Here we show that intravenous transplantation of dDPSCs into the Japanese Fancy-1 mouse, an established model of hypoganglionosis and entero-neuropathy, improves large intestinal structure and function and prolongs survival. Intravenously injected dDPSCs migrate to affected regions of the intestine through interactions between stromal cell-derived factor-1α and C-X-C chemokine receptor type-4. Transplanted dDPSCs differentiate into both pacemaker cells and enteric neurons in the proximal colon to improve electrical and peristaltic activity. Our findings indicate that transplanted dDPSCs can differentiate into different cell types to correct entero-neuropathy-associated defects.

scholarly journals Nutritional status of vitamin B12 on small group of dental students based on food frequency questionnaire

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izzatul Syafiqah ◽  
Nanan Nur'aeny ◽  
Erna Herawati
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Food Frequency

Introduction: Vitamin B12 plays an important role in general cell metabolism. Vitamin B12 also essential for normal hematopoietic, importance in maintaining the integrity of nervous system and formation of nervous system. Even though vitamin B12 is essential for good health, some people may not be getting enough intake of vvitamin B12. The purpose of this research is to get information about the nutritional status of vitamin B12 on dental students based on food frequency questionnaire. Methods: Method used in this research were descriptive non experimental of 30 dental students from Faculty of Dentistry in Universitas Padjadjaran. All samples were given the food frequency questionnaire and recorded the amount of food were taken within 7 days. The consumption of vitamin B12 daily were calculated by using Nutrisurvey software. Results: Among 30 students, there were 7 students who were in lack of consumption of vitamin B12, 14 students or almost half of them who were in normal level and 9 students who were in high level of Vitamin B12 consumption. Conclusion: The Nutritional Status of Vitamin B12 on Small Group of Dental Students Based on Food Frequency Questionnaire were mostly in normal level.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document