scholarly journals Rapid and differential evolution of the venom composition of a parasitoid wasp depending on the host strain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Cavigliasso ◽  
Hugo Mathé-Hubert ◽  
Laurent Kremmer ◽  
Christian Rebuf ◽  
Jean-Luc Gatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Evolution ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Host Strain ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Venom Proteins

AbstractParasitoid wasps rely primarily on venom to suppress the immune response and regulate the physiology of their host. Intraspecific variability of venom protein composition has been documented in some species, but its evolutionary potential is poorly understood. We performed an experimental evolution initiated with crosses of two lines of Leptopilina boulardi of different venom composition to generate variability and create new combinations of venom factors. The offspring were maintained for 10 generations on two strains of Drosophila melanogaster differing in resistance / susceptibility to the parasitoid lines. The venom composition of individuals was characterized by a semi-automatic analysis of 1D SDS-PAGE protein profiles whose accuracy was checked by Western blot analysis of well-characterized venom proteins. Results evidenced a rapid and differential evolution of the venom composition on both hosts and showed that the proteins beneficial on one host can be costly on the other. Overall, we demonstrated the capacity of rapid evolution of the venom composition in parasitoid wasps, important regulators of arthropod populations, suggesting a potential for adaptation to new hosts. Our approach also proved relevant in identifying, among the diversity of venom proteins, those possibly involved in parasitism success and whose role deserves to be deepened.Key ContributionThe venom protein composition of parasitoid wasps can evolve rapidly and differently depending on the host strain. Studying this evolution can help identify new venom proteins possibly involved in parasitism success on a given host.

scholarly journals Rapid and Differential Evolution of the Venom Composition of a Parasitoid Wasp Depending on the Host Strain

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cavigliasso ◽  
Mathé-Hubert ◽  
Kremmer ◽  
Rebuf ◽  
Gatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Evolution ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Venom Proteins

Parasitoid wasps rely primarily on venom to suppress the immune response and regulate the physiology of their host. Intraspecific variability of venom protein composition has been documented in some species, but its evolutionary potential is poorly understood. We performed an experimental evolution initiated with the crosses of two lines of Leptopilina boulardi of different venom composition to generate variability and create new combinations of venom factors. The offspring were maintained for 10 generations on two strains of Drosophila melanogaster differing in resistance/susceptibility to the parental parasitoid lines. The venom composition of individuals was characterized by a semi-automatic analysis of 1D SDS-PAGE electrophoresis protein profiles whose accuracy was checked by Western blot analysis of well-characterized venom proteins. Results made evident a rapid and differential evolution of the venom composition on both hosts and showed that the proteins beneficial on one host can be costly on the other. Overall, we demonstrated the capacity of rapid evolution of the venom composition in parasitoid wasps, important regulators of arthropod populations, suggesting a potential for adaptation to new hosts. Our approach also proved relevant in identifying, among the diversity of venom proteins, those possibly involved in parasitism success and whose role deserves to be deepened.

scholarly journals Parasitic success and venom composition evolve upon specialization of parasitoid wasps to different host species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Cavigliasso ◽  
Hugo Mathé-Hubert ◽  
Jean-Luc Gatti ◽  
Dominique Colinet ◽  
Marylène Poirié
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
New Host ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Leptopilina Boulardi ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Sds Page

AbstractFemale endoparasitoid wasps usually inject venom into hosts to suppress their immune response and ensure offspring development. However, the parasitoid’s ability to evolve towards increased success on a given host simultaneously with the evolution of the composition of its venom has never been demonstrated. Here, we designed an experimental evolution to address this question. We crossed two parasitoid lines of Leptopilina boulardi differing both in parasitic success on different Drosophila hosts and venom composition. F2 descendants were reared on three different Drosophila species for nine generations. We tested for evolution of parasitic success over the generations and for the capacity of parasitoids selected on a given host to succeed on another host. We also tested whether the venom composition - analyzed on the basis of the variation in intensity of the venom protein bands on SDS-PAGE 1D - evolved in response to different host species. Results showed a specialization of the parasitoids on their selection host and a rapid and differential evolution of the venom composition according to the host. Overall, data suggest a high potential for parasitoids to adapt to a new host, which may have important consequences in the field as well in the context of biological control.

scholarly journals Gradual and Discrete Ontogenetic Shifts in Rattlesnake Venom Composition and Assessment of Hormonal and Ecological Correlates

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Schonour ◽  
Emma M. Huff ◽  
Matthew L. Holding ◽  
Natalie M. Claunch ◽  
Schyler A. Ellsworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Composition ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Ontogenetic Shifts ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Serial Sampling ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Dietary Shifts ◽  
Chromatographic Peaks ◽  
The Relationship

Ontogenetic shifts in venom occur in many snakes but establishing their nature as gradual or discrete processes required additional study. We profiled shifts in venom expression from the neonate to adult sizes of two rattlesnake species, the eastern diamondback and the timber rattlesnake. We used serial sampling and venom chromatographic profiling to test if ontogenetic change occurs gradually or discretely. We found evidence for gradual shifts in overall venom composition in six of eight snakes, which sometimes spanned more than two years. Most chromatographic peaks shift gradually, but one quarter shift in a discrete fashion. Analysis of published diet data showed gradual shifts in overall diet composition across the range of body sizes attained by our eight study animals, while the shifts in abundance of different prey classes varied in form from gradual to discrete. Testosterone concentrations were correlated with the change in venom protein composition, but the relationship is not strong enough to suggest causation. Venom research employing simple juvenile versus adult size thresholds may be failing to account for continuous variation in venom composition lifespan. Our results imply that venom shifts represent adaptive matches to dietary shifts and highlight venom for studies of alternative gene regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals Extensive Variation in the Activities of Pseudocerastes and Eristicophis Viper Venoms Suggests Divergent Envenoming Strategies Are Used for Prey Capture

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Bianca op den Brouw ◽  
Francisco C. P. Coimbra ◽  
Lachlan A. Bourke ◽  
Tam Minh Huynh ◽  
Danielle H. W. Vlecken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Future Assessment ◽  
Viper Venoms

Snakes of the genera Pseudocerastes and Eristicophis (Viperidae: Viperinae) are known as the desert vipers due to their association with the arid environments of the Middle East. These species have received limited research attention and little is known about their venom or ecology. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of desert viper venoms was conducted by visualising the venom proteomes via gel electrophoresis and assessing the crude venoms for their cytotoxic, haemotoxic, and neurotoxic properties. Plasmas sourced from human, toad, and chicken were used as models to assess possible prey-linked venom activity. The venoms demonstrated substantial divergence in composition and bioactivity across all experiments. Pseudocerastes urarachnoides venom activated human coagulation factors X and prothrombin and demonstrated potent procoagulant activity in human, toad, and chicken plasmas, in stark contrast to the potent neurotoxic venom of P. fieldi. The venom of E. macmahonii also induced coagulation, though this did not appear to be via the activation of factor X or prothrombin. The coagulant properties of P. fieldi and P. persicus venoms varied among plasmas, demonstrating strong anticoagulant activity in the amphibian and human plasmas but no significant effect in that of bird. This is conjectured to reflect prey-specific toxin activity, though further ecological studies are required to confirm any dietary associations. This study reinforces the notion that phylogenetic relatedness of snakes cannot readily predict venom protein composition or function. The significant venom variation between these species raises serious concerns regarding antivenom paraspecificity. Future assessment of antivenom is crucial.

scholarly journals TOXIFY: a deep learning approach to classify animal venom proteins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Jeffrey Cole ◽  
Michael S Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Shotgun Proteomics ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Gated Recurrent Units ◽  
Venom Proteins ◽  
Generation Sequencing

In the era of Next-Generation Sequencing and shotgun proteomics, the sequences of animal toxigenic proteins are being generated at rates exceeding the pace of traditional means for empirical toxicity verification. To facilitate the automation of toxin identification from protein sequences, we trained Recurrent Neural Networks with Gated Recurrent Units on publicly available datasets. The resulting models are available via the novel software package TOXIFY, allowing users to infer the probability of a given protein sequence being a venom protein. TOXIFY is more than 20X faster and uses over an order of magnitude less memory than previously published methods. Additionally, TOXIFY is more accurate, precise, and sensitive at classifying venom proteins. Availability: https://www.github.com/tijeco/toxify

Sources of Intraspecific Variability in the Protein Composition of Lizard Femoral Gland Secretions

Copeia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (3) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison C. Alberts ◽  
John A. Phillips ◽  
Dagmar I. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Femoral Gland Secretions

scholarly journals Proteotranscriptomic Insights into the Venom Composition of the Wolf Spider Lycosa tarantula

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 501
Author(s):  
Dominique Koua ◽  
Rosanna Mary ◽  
Anicet Ebou ◽  
Celia Barrachina ◽  
Khadija El Koulali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Wolf Spiders ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Venom Glands ◽  
Ambush Predators ◽  
Venom Proteins

Spider venoms represent an original source of novel compounds with therapeutic and agrochemical potential. Whereas most of the research efforts have focused on large mygalomorph spiders, araneomorph spiders are equally promising but require more sensitive and sophisticated approaches given their limited size and reduced venom yield. Belonging to the latter group, the genus Lycosa (“wolf spiders”) contains many species widely distributed throughout the world. These spiders are ambush predators that do not build webs but instead rely strongly on their venom for prey capture. Lycosa tarantula is one of the largest species of wolf spider, but its venom composition is unknown. Using a combination of RNA sequencing of the venom glands and venom proteomics, we provide the first overview of the peptides and proteins produced by this iconic Mediterranean spider. Beside the typical small disulfide rich neurotoxins, several families of proteins were also identified, including cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) and Hyaluronidases. Proteomic analysis of the electrically stimulated venom validated 30 of these transcriptomic sequences, including nine putative neurotoxins and eight venom proteins. Interestingly, LC-MS venom profiles of manual versus electric stimulation, as well as female versus male, showed some marked differences in mass distribution. Finally, we also present some preliminary data on the biological activity of L. tarantula crude venom.

scholarly journals Mitotic interhomolog recombination drives genomic diversity in diatoms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Bulánková ◽  
Mirna Sekulić ◽  
Denis Jallet ◽  
Charlotte Nef ◽  
Tom Delmont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Mitotic Recombination ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
Clonal Variability

AbstractDiatoms, an evolutionarily successful group of microalgae, display high levels of intraspecific variability in natural populations. However, the process generating such diversity is unknown. Here we estimated the variability within a natural diatom population and subsequently mapped the genomic changes arising within cultures clonally propagated from single diatom cells. We demonstrate that genome rearrangements and mitotic recombination between homologous chromosomes underlie clonal variability, resulting in haplotype diversity accompanied by the appearance of novel protein variants and loss of heterozygosity resulting in the fixation of alleles. The frequency of interhomolog mitotic recombination exceeds 4 out of 100 cell divisions and increases under environmental stress. We propose that this plastic response in the interhomolog mitotic recombination rate increases the evolutionary potential of diatoms, contributing to their ecological success.One Sentence SummaryRecombination between homologous chromosomes in diatom vegetative cells leads to extensive genomic diversity in clonal populations.

scholarly journals Comparison of Methods for Measuring Protein Concentration in Venom Samples

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Bocian ◽  
Sonja Sławek ◽  
Marcin Jaromin ◽  
Konrad K. Hus ◽  
Justyna Buczkowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Agkistrodon Contortrix ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Natural Mixture ◽  
Pharmacological Potential ◽  
Animal Venoms ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

Snake venom is an extremely interesting natural mixture of proteins and peptides, characterized by both high diversity and high pharmacological potential. Much attention has been paid to the study of venom composition of different species and also detailed analysis of the properties of individual components. Since proteins and peptides are the active ingredients in venom, rapidly developing proteomic techniques are used to analyze them. During such analyses, one of the routine operations is to measure the protein concentration in the sample. The aim of this study was to compare five methods used to measure protein content in venoms of two snake species: the Viperids representative, Agkistrodon contortrix, and the Elapids representative, Naja ashei. The study showed that for A. contortrix venom, the concentration of venom protein measured by four methods is very similar and only the NanoDrop method clearly stands out from the rest. However, in the case of N. ashei venom, each technique yields significantly different results. We hope that this report will help to draw attention to the problem of measuring protein concentration, especially in such a complex mixture as animal venoms.

scholarly journals Functional Characterization of a Venom Protein Calreticulin in the Ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yang ◽  
Beibei Wang ◽  
Liming Qiu ◽  
Bin Wan ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Venom Gland ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Sequence Alignments ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Pupal Parasitoids ◽  
Venom Proteins

Venom proteins act in the immunological interactions between parasitoids and their host insects. The effect of venom proteins on host immunity is not fully understood in pupal parasitoids. We identified the functions of a venom protein, calreticulin (PvCRT), in the pupal ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae. Here, we report that PvCRT features a signal peptide and two conserved “calreticulin” domains. Multiple sequence alignments show that PvCRT shares 83.54% amino acid identity with CRT from both Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis, which infers a close relationship among these three species. Using qPCR analysis, we found a lower expression level of PvCRT (0.27-fold) in the venom apparatus compared to the corresponding carcass. Immunohistochemical localization revealed that PvCRT was ubiquitously expressed in venom gland. The expression of the PvCRT gene in Drosophila transgenic lines via the UAS/Gal4 binary expression system reduced the self-encapsulation phenotype of tu(1)Sz1 mutants. Additionally, studies on humoral immunity indicate that PvCRT does not affect the antimicrobial immune responses of the host. This work on an ectoparasitoid will increase our understanding of venom–mediated host-parasitoid interactions.

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