scholarly journals Developmental Changes in the Free Amino Acid Pool and Total Protein Amino Acids of Pea Cotyledons (Pisum sativum L.)

1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Macnicol
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Effects of larval Digenea on the free amino acid pool of Littorina littorea (L.)

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D. M. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Littorina Littorea ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Acid Pool

Quantitative chromatographic analysis of the free amino acids of the head–foot muscle of uninfected and infected Littorina littorea indicates that there is specific variation in the physiological effects of parasitism. The total concentration of free amino acids in the host head–foot muscle showed an increase of 10·9% with infections of Cryptocotyle lingua rediae, a decrease of 12·7% with infections of Himasthla leptosoma rediae and a decrease of 57·5% with infections of Cercaria emasculans sporocysts. These effects probably depend on three main factors namely, the nature, size and mobility of the larvae of the three species concerned and the influence of these factors in determining the extent of any damage to the hepatopancreas of the host.The larvae of C. lingua are probably less affected by the changes they induce in the free amino acid pool of the host than the larvae of H. leptosoma and Cercaria emasculans which induce changes equivalent to starvation.This work was conducted during the tenure of a Science Research Council Studentship. I would like to thank Professor B. John and Mr A. R. Hockley for their helpful advice and criticism.

Integumentary Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism in the Apodous Sea Cucumber, Chiridota Rigida

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-752
Author(s):  
GREGORY A. AHEARN ◽  
SIDNEY J. TOWNSLEY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Exchange Diffusion

1. The apodous sea cucumber, Chiridota rigida, was found to transport exogenous amino acids to intracellular free amino acid pools in the integument, the gastrointestinal epithelium making only a minimal contribution to total animal uptake. 2. Amino acids entering the integumentary free amino acid pool were either completely catabolized to CO2, incorporated into large molecular weight compounds, such as proteins, or left unchanged. The latter fraction was available for efflux through both apical and basal cellular membranes through saturable or non-saturable transport processes. 3. Influx of natural (glycine) and analog (AIB) amino acids into the integumentary epithelium was achieved by a combination of saturable and non-saturable transport mechanisms: the former displaying Michaelis- Menten kinetics, being Na+-dependent, and transporting both glycine and AIB; the latter involving a simple diffusion of amino acid across the apical cell membranes and/or through the intercellular septate desmosomes. 4. Preloaded AIB exhibited both homo- and hetero-exchange diffusion with exogenous amino acids when a relatively large internal analog pool had been established. With a small internal pool of AIB, homo-exchange diffusion persisted, but high external concentrations of glycine inhibited the washout of the analog. 5. Transintegumentary influx of AIB to the coelomic fluid was a linear function of the exogenous amino acid concentration and was unchanged when choline chloride was used as a substitute saline. At steady-state the coelomic fluid analog concentration was maintained at a much lower level than the incubation medium or the epithelial free amino acid pool, due to apparent absorptive processes of the dermis and muscle layers of the integument, as well as by possible carrier-mediated re-uptake mechanisms on the basal membranes of the epithelial cells. 6. A tentative model of integumentary amino acid transport and metabolism in C. rigida is presented.

Changes in Free Amino Acids in Skeletal Muscle of Cod (Gadus morhua) Under Conditions Simulating Gillnet Fishing

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dambergs ◽  
P. Odense ◽  
R. Guilbault
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Amino Acid Analyser ◽  
Muscular Tissues

The total amounts of free amino acids, comprising both the intracellular and plasmal pools, as well as the amino acids combined in small peptides were determined with an automatic amino acid analyser in muscular tissues of freshly killed cod and in cod suffocated in simulated gillnetting conditions. The total amount of the free amino acids in the musculature was 2.4% of the amino acids composing the proteins. More than 90% of the free amino acid pool was represented by histidine, taurine, glycine, alanine, lysine, and β-alanine. The amino acids that were not found in small peptides are taurine, alanine, threonine, lysine, tyrosine, cystine, and methionine. In the absence of flexion or handling of the suffocated fish there was no evidence of enzymatic processes up to 72 hr after death. There was a slight, continuous loss of the free amino acids from the intact body of the fish during the prerigor and rigor periods. No evidence of deaminase activity affecting the amino acids was detected. Histidine, with its methyl homologues, was the major free amino acid.

The effect of ioxynil on the free amino acid and protein content of the leaves of tartary buckwheat and spring wheat

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
David Paton ◽  
Saul Zalik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

The effects of ioxynil on the free amino acid and protein content of the leaves of tartary buckwheat and wheat were compared 2 days after the seedlings were sprayed. Spring wheat showed little change in the overall concentration of either the soluble or protein amino acids. Tartary buck wheat, on the other hand, showed marked changes in the balance between soluble and protein amino acids.

The effect of oxygen availability on the osmoregulatory contribution of free amino acids in Acanthamoeba castellanii

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1430-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Geoffrion ◽  
Helga Guderley ◽  
Jacques Larochelle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Free Amino Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Hyperosmotic Shock ◽  
Acid Pool

In Acanthamoeba, the availability of oxygen markedly affects the response to hyperosmotic (250 to 500 mosmol/kg water) or hypoosmotic (250 to 125 mosmol/kg water) stress. The short-term recovery of cell hydration after hyperosmotic shock was more rapid at a [Formula: see text] of 54 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa) than at 5 Torr, despite similar increases in the free amino acid content of the cell (2.3- to 2.4-fold). Under anoxia, the early response to both hyper- and hypo-osmotic stress resulted in osmometer-like cells and the osmoregulatory contribution of the free amino acid pool following hyperosmotic shock was totally abolished. After a hypoosmotic shock under anoxia, however, the decrease of the free amino acid pool, though much slower, was of the same magnitude as under aerobic conditions (1.8- to 2.5-fold). This was apparently the only osmoregulatory mechanism operative in the absence of oxygen. The free amino acid pool was qualitatively affected by the oxygenation level, with proline being more abundant at high [Formula: see text] and alanine being more important under low [Formula: see text] and anoxia. The oxygen consumption of the cells was essentially unaffected by osmotic stress and by the [Formula: see text] level. The osmotically induced changes in the free amino acid content of the cell involve flows of energy into and out of the free amino acid pool that appear considerable when compared with the energy available from oxidative metabolism. This suggests that de novo synthesis and complete oxidation have only a limited role in the supply and disposal of the free amino acids involved in osmotic regulation.

Studies on the free pool of amino acids of the cestodeHymenolepis diminuta

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Chappell ◽  
C. P. Read
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Acid Pool

Alteration of the free amino acid pool ofHymenolepis diminutawas observed following incubation of worms with a single exogenous amino acidin vitro, recovery from which depended upon the initial magnitude of alteration. The free amino acid pool of both rat small intestine andH. diminutawas rendered imbalanced after feeding a single dietary dose of proline. Recovery was more rapid in the host than in the parasite tissues. The quantitative dynamics of amino acid change with time were examined. The effects of amino acid variation upon the uptake and incorporation of lysine-C14into worm protein were examinedin vitro. Four amino acids altered lysine incorporation; aspartate stimulated incorporation while ornithine, arginine and histidine reduced variously the absolute amount of lysine uptake but produced relative stimulation of lysine incorporation. These data indicate that, in the system examined, short term variation of the free amino acid pool is unlikely to affect protein synthesis inH. diminuta. Data were obtained suggesting the possible occurrence of certain amino acid inter conversions inH. diminuta.

Free amino acid profiles in blood during diving and recovery in the Antarctic Weddell seal

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Murphy ◽  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Weddell Seal ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Acid Pool ◽  
The Antarctic

The blood content of free amino acids was measured in the Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) to assess their possible role in energy metabolism during simulated diving and recovery sequences. The total free amino acid pool size was similar to that in the common harbour seal and in man, but there were a few notable differences in amino acid contributions to the total pool. For example, in the Weddell seal alanine concentrations were unusually low. During diving, the content of free amino acids in whole blood changed hardly at all, unless glutathione levels also changed. In 5 of 10 dive sequences examined, glutathione was markedly depleted during diving, concomitant with a sharp rise in glutamate and glycine released on hydrolysis of this tripeptide. During recovery, glutathione levels were recharged quite rapidly. About half the glutamate and glycine expected from glutathione hydrolysis was expressed by elevated levels of these two amino acids; similarly, only a part of the glutathione reformed during recovery was represented by decreasing glutamate and glycine levels. The only other significant changes in amino acid levels during recovery were shown by alanine and glutamine, both of which increased in whole blood for periods of about 30–60 min. It was concluded that under most simulated diving conditions, free amino acid pools and profiles are not strongly perturbed. Metabolic conditions may arise, however, leading to large drops in glutathione levels, which in turn may perturb the free amino acid pool.

Metabolism of acetate-2-14C, glycine-2-14C, leucine-U-14C, and effect of δ-aminolevulinic acid on chlorophyll synthesis in Gateway barley and its mutant

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Sane ◽  
Saul Zalik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Studies with acetate-2-14C showed that leaves of light-grown seedlings of the mutant were less efficient in the synthesis of protein particularly at the 6-day stage. The synthesis of leucine from labeled acetate was also lower in the mutant at this stage. Metabolism of leucine-U-14C confirmed the lower rate of protein synthesis in light by the mutant at the 6-day stage whereas, in the dark, protein synthesis in the two lines was similar. There was essentially no difference in the use of labeled glycine by the two lines. Free and protein amino acids accounted for over 75% of the label. Glycine was rapidly converted to serine, which contained over 65% of the label in the free amino acid fraction but less than 50% of the label in the protein fraction. Evidence for the existence of two separate pools of serine was obtained. Only 3 to 5% of the label from glycine was detected in chlorophyll.Administration of δ-aminolevulinic acid increased chlorophyll synthesis in the mutant in the same proportion as it did in the normal. It was, therefore, concluded that inadequate production of δ-aminolevulinic acid or its precursors was not responsible for the virescent character of the mutant. Rather it seems that the mutation caused a partial inhibition of synthesis of chlorophyll holochrome protein which accounted for the slower accumulation of chlorophyll in the mutant.

scholarly journals Studies on amino acid metabolism in Lathyrus sativus Biosynthesis of homoserine and O-oxalylhomoserine

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-95
Author(s):  
J. Przybylska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Lathyrus Sativus ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool

Examination of free amino acid pool in <i>Lathyrus sativus</i> showed a rapid increase of homoserine and O-oxalylhomoserine during germination. Isotopic experiments indicated that aspartic acid was an effective precursor of homoserine in <i>Lathyrus sativus</i> and suggested oxalic acid to be incorporated into O-oxalylhomiaserine as an intact moiety. Similar trends of amino acid metabolism of <i>Lathyrus sativus</i> and of <i>Pisum sativum</i> have been discussed.

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