High‐risk inferences in assessing high risk: outstanding concerns in the clinical use of the PCL‐R

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Thomas‐Peter ◽  
Jason Jones
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Academic Assessment ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Violent Recidivism ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Severe Personality Disorder

The PCL‐R has been heralded as the ‘unparalleled’ (Salekin et al, 1996) risk assessment tool for assessing risk of violent and non‐violent recidivism. In the UK, the PCL‐R looks likely to become an industry standard assessment in psychological evaluation of individuals thought to have a dangerous and severe personality disorder. However, current knowledge about the PCL‐R is unsatisfactory, and a number of issues need to be addressed before clinicians can be confident in the use of this measure. This paper highlights these issues from the perspective of the practising clinician. Questions are raised about the theoretical, methodological and treatment implications of the use of the PCL‐R. Future research needs are established in this context of caution over the use of the measure in routine clinical and academic assessment.

Disease and Trauma in the Children from Roman Britain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Roman Britain ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Roman World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores our current knowledge of pathology and trauma in Romano-British non-adult samples focusing on the children from the late Roman cemetery of Poundbury Camp, Dorset. Evidence for metabolic diseases (rickets, scurvy, iron deficiency anaemia), fractures, thalassemia, congenital disorders and tuberculosis, are presented with emphasis on what their presence tells us about the impact of the Romans in Britain. Many of the large Roman sites from the UK were excavated long before diagnostic criteria for recognizing pathology in child remains were fully developed, and European studies tend only to focus on anaemia and its link to malaria. A lack of environmental evidence for the sites from which our skeletal remains are derived is also problematic, and this chapter hopes to set the agenda for future research into the health and life of children living in the Roman World.

scholarly journals Psychotic-Like Experiences: A Challenge in Definition and Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Hinterbuchinger ◽  
Nilufar Mossaheb
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Persistence Rates ◽  
Definition Of

Assuming a continuum between psychotic experiences and psychotic symptoms aligned between healthy individuals and patients with non-psychotic and psychotic disorders, recent research has focused on subclinical psychotic experiences. The wide variety of definitions, assessment tools, and concepts of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) might contribute to the mixed findings concerning prevalence and persistence rates and clinical impact. In this narrative review, we address the panoply of terminology, definitions, and assessment tools of PLEs and associated concerns with this multitude. Moreover, the ambiguous results of previous studies regarding the clinical relevance of PLEs are described. In conclusion, we address clinical implications and highly suggest conceptual clarity and consensus concerning the terminology and definition of PLEs. The development of an agreed upon use of a “gold standard” assessment tool seems essential for more comparable findings in future research.

The Theory and Measurement of Expertise-Based Problem Solving in Organizational Teams: Revisiting Demonstrability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan L. Bonner ◽  
Daniel Shannahan ◽  
Kristin Bain ◽  
Kathryn Coll ◽  
Nathan L. Meikle
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Original Intent ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Organizational Teams

The current paper revisits and builds upon task demonstrability, which defines the criteria necessary for groups to choose a correct response if any member prefers that response. We identify boundary conditions of the current conceptualization of task demonstrability with respect to its use in understanding modern organizational teams. Specifically, we argue that, in its current form, task demonstrability is not optimally suited to studying ongoing teams in which member expertise varies and teams work to complete complex multifaceted tasks. To address this issue, we provide a revisited perspective on demonstrability. We specify the nomological network of revisited demonstrability and recast each of its criteria in a form that preserves the original intent of the construct, but has broader applicability, particularly to organizational contexts. We then discuss theoretical implications and managerial applications of the construct. Finally, noting that there is no standard assessment tool for demonstrability (original or revisited), we develop and validate a measure to facilitate future research.

scholarly journals (A163a) Gold-Medal Performance: “Operational Readiness Assessments” for High-Risk Workplaces

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s46-s46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Mcdonald
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Readiness Assessment ◽  
Surgical Resident ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Operational Readiness

This presentation will demonstrate that the use of an “Operational Readiness Assessment” was successful in identifying high-performance strategies for frontline-responders, namely surgeons, air traffic controllers, police, and world-class athletes. This research-based approach confirms that best performers in high-risk situations prepare similarly to elite athlete, specifically relating to their emphasis on mental readiness. A framework (Orlick's “Model of Excellence”) developed by researchers who worked with Olympic athletes has a proven replication within very different high-risk disciplines. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis of mental readiness was provided based on in-depth interviews with exceptional professionals regarding their best and less-than-best performances. These findings were assessed to determine the presence of common success elements, including: (1) commitment; (2) confidence; (3) mental preparedness; (4) focus/refocus; and (5) seeking and accepting feedback. This refined assessment tool combines the methodological rigour of academic research with a highly readable and practical analysis of specific techniques that increase effectiveness. Challenges were defined from a frontline-perspective. The balance between technical, physical, and mental readiness were compared. Success skills, performance blocks and influencing factors for optimal performance were detailed. Ten practical recommendations are discussed relating how preparedness of frontline-operations strengthens performance, productivity, and morale. An “Operational Readiness Assessment” is a powerful tool with proven value in hospital, paramilitary, corporate, and industrial settings in which there is a need to be well prepared for, risks of injury or death, large equipment/financial expenditures, complacency, fatigue, and significant consequences of errors. It has been described as an indispensable addition to current work in recruitment, career development, e-learning, role-modeling and future research benchmarks. For example, new performance-indicators for mental readiness were incorporated into surgical-resident evaluations, national situational-awareness training was instituted for seasoned air-traffic controllers, and mental-survival e-modules now enhance police coach-officer programs. Ultimately, a “winning” strategy for managing risk is promoting a healthy, prepared workforce resulting in a safer community.

scholarly journals Impact of multimorbidity on healthcare costs and utilisation: a systematic review of the UK literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (702) ◽  
pp. e39-e46
Author(s):  
Marina Soley-Bori ◽  
Mark Ashworth ◽  
Alessandra Bisquera ◽  
Hiten Dodhia ◽  
Rebecca Lynch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Healthcare Utilisation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundManaging multimorbidity is complex for both patients and healthcare systems. Patients with multimorbidity often use a variety of primary and secondary care services. Country-specific research exploring the healthcare utilisation and cost consequences of multimorbidity may inform future interventions and payment schemes in the UK.AimTo assess the relationship between multimorbidity, healthcare costs, and healthcare utilisation; and to determine how this relationship varies by disease combinations and healthcare components.Design and settingA systematic review.MethodThis systematic review followed the bidirectional citation searching to completion method. MEDLINE and grey literature were searched for UK studies since 2004. An iterative review of references and citations was completed. Authors from all articles selected were contacted and asked to check for completeness of UK evidence. The National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tool was used to assess risk of bias. Data were extracted, findings synthesised, and study heterogeneity assessed; meta-analysis was conducted when possible.ResultsSeventeen studies were identified: seven predicting healthcare costs and 10 healthcare utilisation. Multimorbidity was found to be associated with increased total costs, hospital costs, care transition costs, primary care use, dental care use, emergency department use, and hospitalisations. Several studies demonstrated the high cost of depression and of hospitalisation associated with multimorbidity.ConclusionIn the UK, multimorbidity increases healthcare utilisation and costs of primary, secondary, and dental care. Future research is needed to examine whether integrated care schemes offer efficiencies in healthcare provision for multimorbidity.

scholarly journals Assessment tool to understand the readiness of Batik SMEs for Green Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
Sylvia D. A. Kusumawardani ◽  
Sunardi ◽  
Tb Benito A. Kurnani
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Industry Regulation ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Batik industries in general are classified as Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with major problems related to environmental management and inefficiency of resource consumption. These problems cannot be solved by end of pipe approaches, instead, management since the upstream of the production process needs to be employed. The green industry is a concept that relevant to those problems since this prioritizes efficient resource use. The Indonesian government has developed the Green Industry Standard as a tool to assess the soundness of the industries and to promote the capability to compete in the global market. Globally, there are several concepts similar to the green industry, for example, eco-innovation and resource efficient and cleaner production (RECP) that have their own assessment tools to measure the readiness of the industries. This study aims to elaborate aspects in Green Industry Standard with other assessment tools to understand the readiness of Batik industries through Ministry of Industry Regulation Number 39 of 2019 regarding Green Industry Standard for Batik Industries. Finally, the new assessment tool was developed consisting of four major aspects, namely company characterization, description of the business model, analysis input and output, and readiness area. Each aspect included some criteria and required relevant data that need to be collected for assessment of the readiness of Batik SMEs in future research.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Health Professional Perspectives on Clinical Outcomes in UK Orthotic Practice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Hall ◽  
Daniel Parker ◽  
Anita Ellen Williams
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Service Professional ◽  
Professional Perspectives ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background: Despite potential savings to the National Health Service, the collection of data on outcomes of NHS orthotic services is patchy. Indeed, several reports into orthotic services in the UK have reported a lack of data relating to outcomes of care and highlighted the need to routinely record outcomes to demonstrate efficacy of services. This research aimed to explore orthotic service professional perspectives on outcomes in orthotic practice. A secondary aim was to explore potential barriers to the routine use of outcome measure tools in practice.Methods: Following a review of the literature, an initial advisory group involving experts in the field was conducted. From this, semi-structured questions were developed, and a focus group was undertaken. Data from the focus group was transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis, creating themes and subthemes for discussion.Results: The participants considered a successful outcome as a ‘usable’ orthosis, this linked to a preference for evaluation of patient reported outcomes. The setting of realistic joint goals via patient education was seen as a method of improving outcomes. Barriers to collection of data were associated with inadequate technology to manage the ‘data burden’, lack of clinical time to complete and difficulties selecting outcome measure tools for a varied population. Issues around usability of current outcome measure tools were also highlighted. Participants discussed ways of addressing these barriers, such as the use of ‘snapshots’ and delegation of data collection. Conclusions:This research is unique in that it is the first-time orthotic service professional opinions have been analysed specifically relating to outcomes, outcome measure tools and possible barriers to their use. The participants acknowledged the relevance of outcome measure tools, identified barriers to use but had created novel ways to address barriers. Further, they indicated that to achieve good outcomes it was important to address service user expectations of treatment, discuss and establish joint goals for care at the outset and communicate/ educate on the clinical reasoning process. This research has contributed to current knowledge within the field of orthotics and may provide a theoretical basis for future research in the field.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Health Professional Perspectives on Clinical Outcomes in UK Orthotic Practice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Hall ◽  
Daniel Parker ◽  
Anita Ellen Williams
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Outcomes Of Care ◽  
Measuring Outcomes ◽  
Professional Perspectives ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background: Despite potential savings to the National Health Service, the collection of data on outcomes of NHS orthotic services is patchy. Indeed, several reports into orthotic services in the UK have reported a lack of data relating to outcomes of care and highlighted the need to routinely measure outcomes to demonstrate efficacy of services. Whilst a previous study provided an overview of the use of outcome measures in orthotic practice and identified some barriers to their use, further questions emerged. Hence, this qualitative study aimed to explore orthotists’ opinions and personal experiences on the influences on outcomes, how appropriate and relevant outcomes can be measured and also how barriers to the use of outcome measures can be overcome. Methods: Following a review of the literature, an initial advisory group informed semi-structured questions. These were used to create dialogue in a focus group of 12 orthotists. Data from the focus group was transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis, creating themes and subthemes for discussion.Results: The setting of realistic and agreed goals through managing expectations, compromise and patient education/information were seen as factors that could inform and improve outcomes. Barriers to the collection of outcome measures were associated with inadequate technology to manage the data, lack of time to complete them, lack of training in them and difficulties selecting appropriate outcome measures for patients with complex problems managed by different health professionals. The participants discussed ways of addressing these barriers, such as the use of ‘snapshots’ and delegation of data collection. Conclusions: This study has revealed that measuring outcomes is considered to be an important activity. In order to achieve good outcomes, it is important to address patient expectations, discuss and establish joint goals for care at the outset and inform and include patients in the decision-making process. The identified barriers to measuring outcomes can be overcome with the solutions revealed by these participants. Hence, this study has contributed to current knowledge which has relevance for clinical practice and may provide the theoretical basis for future research.

scholarly journals Emergence agitation: current knowledge and unresolved questions

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 471-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seok-Jin Lee ◽  
Tae-Yun Sung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Emergency Operation ◽  
Multimodal Analgesia ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emergence Agitation ◽  
Regional Analgesia ◽  
Duration Of Surgery ◽  
Clinically Significant

Emergence agitation (EA), also referred to as emergence delirium, can have clinically significant consequences. The mechanism of EA remains unclear. The proposed risk factors of EA include age, male sex, type of surgery, emergency operation, use of inhalational anesthetics with low blood–gas partition coefficients, long duration of surgery, anticholinergics, premedication with benzodiazepines, voiding urgency, postoperative pain, and the presence of invasive devices. If preoperative or intraoperative objective monitoring could predict the occurrence of agitation during emergence, this would help to reduce its adverse consequences. Several tools are available for assessing EA.However, there are no standardized clinical research practice guidelines and its incidence varies considerably with the assessment tool or definition used. Total intravenous anesthesia, propofol, μ-opioid agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, nefopam, α2-adrenoreceptor agonists, regional analgesia, multimodal analgesia, parent-present induction, and preoperative education for surgery may help in preventing of EA. However, it is difficult to identify patients at high risk and apply preventive measures in various clinical situations.The risk factors and outcomes of preventive strategies vary with the methodologies of studies and patients assessed.This review discusses important outcomes of research on EA and directions for future research.

Using the Change4Life Disney Branded 10-minute Shake Ups During the COVID-19 ‘Lockdown’

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Budzynski-Seymour ◽  
James Steele ◽  
Michelle Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Qualitative Feedback ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
The Uk

Physical activity (PA) is considered essential to overall health yet it is consistently reported that children are failing to meet the recommended levels. Due to the bidirectional relationship between affective states and PA, affective responses are a potential predictor to long term engagement. Since late March 2020 the UK government enforced ‘lockdown’ measures to help control the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19); however, this has impacted children’s PA. Using online resources at home to support PA is now common. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the use of the Change4Life 10-minute Shake Ups to support PA by examining the effects of Disney branding upon children’s (n=32) post activity affective responses and perceived exertion. The secondary was to investigate the effect of the lockdown on PA habits. Children had similar positive affective responses and perceived effort to activities; however, branding was considered to be a key contributing factor based upon qualitative feedback from parents. Children’s PA levels dropped slightly since ‘lockdown’ was imposed; though online resources have been utilised to support PA. The use of immersive elements such as characters and narrative in PA sessions, as well as utilising online resources during ‘lockdown’ appear potentially promising for future research.

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