Design of novel aerial jet target

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-519
Author(s):  
Zdobyslaw Jan Goraj ◽  
Marek Malinowski ◽  
Andrzej Frydrychewicz
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fuel Tank ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Flight Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose This paper aims to present and discuss the requirements for flying targets which sometimes are contradictory to each other and to perform a trade-off analysis before the design activity is started. It also aims to demonstrate conceptual and preliminary design processes using a practical example of PW-61 configuration and to show how results of experimental flight tests using a scaled flying target will be described and analyzed before manufacturing the full scale flying target. Design/methodology/approach An important part of the paper consists of the selection of tailplane configuration of the flying target UAV to protect some expensive on-board systems against serious damages and to obtain a sufficient dynamic stability, independently of the amount of the petrol in fuel tank. Inverted V-tail, U-tail and H-tail configurations were considered and compared both, theoretically and in-flight experiments. Findings Flight dynamics models and associated computational procedures were useful both in a preliminary design phase and during the final assessment of the configuration after flight tests. Selection of the tailplane configuration for the flying target UAV is very important to protect some expensive on-board systems against serious damages and to obtain a sufficient dynamic stability, independent of the amount of the petrol in fuel tank. Practical implications Flying targets should be speedy, maneuverable, cheap, easy in deployment and multi-recoverable (if not destroyed by live ammunition), must have relatively low take-off weight and an endurance of at least 1 h. This paper can be useful for proper selection of requirements and preliminary design parameters to make the design process more economically effective. Originality/value This paper presents very efficient methods of assessing the design parameters of flying targets, especially in an early stage of the design process. Stability computations are performed based on equations of motion and are supplemented by flight tests using the scaled flying models. It can be considered as an original, not typical, but very practical approach because it delivers lots of data in the early design stages at relatively low cost.

Assessment of a small UAV speed polar graph by conducting flight tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 720-727
Author(s):  
Adam Tomaszewski ◽  
Zdobyslaw Jan Goraj
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Flight Testing ◽  
Flight Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Polar Graph ◽  
Small Uav

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to a polar graph measurement by a flight testing technique and to propose a baseline research method for future tests of UAV polar graphs. The method presented can be used to demonstrate a conceptual and preliminary design process using a scaled, unmanned configuration. This shows how results of experimental flight tests using a scaled flying airframe may be described and analysed before manufacturing the full scale aircraft. Design/methodology/approach During the research, the flight tests were conducted for two aerodynamic configurations of a small UAV. This allowed the investigation of the influence of winglets and classic vertical stabilizers on the platform stability, performance and therefore polar graphs of a small unmanned aircraft. Findings A methodology of flight tests for the assessment of a small UAV’s polar graph has been proposed, performed and assessed. Two aerodynamic configurations were tested, and it was found that directional stability had a large influence on the UAV’s performance. A correlation between the speed and inclination of the altitude graph was found – i.e. the higher the flight speed, the steeper the altitude graph (higher descent speed, steeper flight path angle). This could be considered as a basic verification that the recorded data have a physical sense. Practical implications The polar graph and therefore glide ratio of the aircraft is a major factor for determining its performance and power required for flight. Using the right flight test procedure can speed-up the process of measuring glide ratio, making it easier, faster, robust, more effective and accurate in future research of novel, especially unorthodox configurations. This paper also can be useful for the proper selection of requirements and preliminary design parameters for making the design process more economically effective. Originality/value This paper presents a very efficient method of assessing the design parameters of UAVs, especially the polar graph, in an early stage of the design process. Aircraft designers and producers have been widely performing flight testing for years. However, these procedures and practical customs are usually not wide spread and very often are treated as the company’s “know how”. Results presented in this paper are original, relatively easily be repeated and checked. They may be used either by professionals, highly motivated individuals and representatives of small companies or also by ambitious amateurs.

Research and selection of MALE wing profile

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Gorniak ◽  
Zdobyslaw Jan Goraj ◽  
Bartosz Olszanski
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wing Section ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose The purpose of this research is a preliminary selection of wing section, which would be the best suited for PW-100 – a MALE class UAV of 600 kg weight. PW-100 will be used as a testing platform in different institutions such as research institutes, industry research centers or universities of technology (phase 1) to enable the in-flight testing of various on-board systems (mobile radars, thermovision sensors, chemical sensors, antennas, teledetection systems and others). Untypical layout of PW-100 resulted from the plans of further development of this configuration for a military application. Design/methodology/approach Important role in the research described in this paper plays the selection of main wing section to fulfil the preliminary requirements regarding maximum lift coefficient, minimum drag, aerodynamic efficiency etc. Two different wing sections (R1082 and SA19) were tested in wind tunnel, both with flaps deflected at the range of 0°-30°. Experimental measurements were performed in the low turbulence wind tunnel with closed test section of 45 cm × 35 cm. Numerical simulations of the flow around the wing sections were performed using MSES code. Boundary conditions were assumed basing on the typical mission of PW-100 for flight altitude around 9,000 m, speed of 110 km/h what results in Re = 956,000. Findings Lift coefficients obtained from both experimental and numerical methods for single slatted airfoil SA19 are much higher than that of get for Ronch R1082 airfoil. PW-100 aircraft with SA19 airfoils will be able to be trimmed and fly at any altitude up to 9,000 m and with an arbitrary weight up to 600 kg. Aerodynamic characteristics of SA19 remain smoother and more predictable than that of R1082 airfoil. The very promising properties of SA19 airfoil are well known to the authors since the beginning of last decade when PW team worked together with IAI team on CAPECON project and now it was fully confirmed by this research. Practical implications It was confirmed that selection of the proper wing section for the special mission performed by UAV is of the highest importance decision to be taken at the preliminary design phase. Because there is a limited access to the base of technical parameters in many different UAVs classes and the classical analysis of trends cannot be fully applied, the wing section analysis, either experimental or numerical, must be performed. The situation is much worse than in the case of manned aircrafts because most of the modern UAVs are made of carbon or glass fiber, and therefore, there is no chance for analysis of trends. Originality/value This paper presents a very efficient method of assessing the influence of wing section on aircraft performance adopted for MALE class UAV, especially in an early stage of preliminary design process. The assessment is built mainly on three requirements: Maximum 2D lift coefficient for take-off configuration with flap deflected on 20 degrees should be greater than 2.4. Endurance factor CL1.5/CD for loitering conditions (Ma = 0.5 and CD0 = 0.008) should be greater than 110. The relative wing section thickness should be greater/equal than 19 per cent (it is required for high volume fuel tank located in the wings).

Design engineers’ perception of health and safety and its impact in the design process

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Morrow ◽  
Billy Hare ◽  
Iain Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Junior Staff ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Perception Of Health

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider design engineers’ perception of health and safety and its impact on their behaviour during design activity. The study presents three types of design engineers each, exhibiting particular tendencies when faced with health and safety considerations during design. The discovery of these tendencies pose important implications for education and professional institutions and practical measures are suggested to help design engineers manage their tendencies to be more conducive to ensuring improved health and safety performance. Design/methodology/approach – An exploratory design method was used – grounded theory, to include 13, in-depth, one-to-one interviews with design engineers, representing junior staff, middle and senior management. Findings – The paper provides empirical insights about how designers think and behave when asked to consider health and safety issues during the design process. It identifies three group types of designers: doers, receivers and givers, who will exhibit their particular tendencies based on how they view and understand the term health and safety. Research limitations/implications – The data obtained were from design engineers only, and therefore the research results may lack generalisability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions. Practical implications – The paper includes implications for those involved in the creation and development of designers e.g., educators and professional bodies. The data forms the basis for helping designers to manage their perceptions towards the term health and safety and thus, their tendencies exhibited in their behaviour. Originality/value – This paper contributes to new understanding of designers’ behaviour and considers the significance of how designers’ views of health and safety will influence their behaviour.

Shape changing and self-reconfiguring robots

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bogue
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Modular Robots ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Era ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
True Shape ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose – This article aims to provide details of recent developments in robots that can change shape and self-reconfigure. Design/methodology/approach – Following an introduction, this article first describes some recent developments in shape-changing materials and then considers a selection of shape-changing robots. It then discusses self-reconfiguring robots and describes a unique self-unfolding robot. Finally, concluding comments are drawn. Findings – This article shows that research into true shape-changing robots is still at an early stage and several very different strategies are being studied. Novel materials are expected to play a key role in many designs and potential applications include search and rescue, health care and surveillance. Self-reconfiguring modular robots are at a more advanced stage and while many can reconfigure to adopt varying shapes and gaits, the ability to accomplish differing tasks in manufacturing is still some way in the future. Overall, the various classes of shape-changing robots being studied represent a move towards a new era in robotic capabilities, but despite many recent technological advances, considerable further work is required before these become a practical reality. Originality/value – This article provides an insight into recent technological advances in shape-changing and self-reconfiguring robots.

Comparative appraisal of Kreis methods for the assessment of incipient rancidity in ghee

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-250
Author(s):  
Keyur D. Vaghela ◽  
Bhavesh N. Chaudhary ◽  
Bhavbhuti Manojbhai Mehta ◽  
V.B. Darji ◽  
K.D. Aparnathi
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Kreis Test ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oxidative Deterioration ◽  
Accelerated Storage ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose There are various Kreis tests reported in the literature with wide variations in the procedure. The purpose of this paper is to select the most suitable and reliable method for the rancidity evaluation in ghee. Design/methodology/approach Ghee samples were prepared from butter by the direct cream method. They were assessed for early-stage oxidative deterioration by four Kreis tests in an accelerated storage trial at intervals of 48 h. The amount of ghee samples, amount of reagents (chloroform, 30 percent trichloroacetic acid, 1 percent phloroglucinol, and ethanol), incubation temperature and duration were different in the four tests. For each method, the ghee samples were also monitored for changes in flavor at intervals of 48 h by sensory evaluation. Relationships among the Kreis values determined by the four different Kreis tests and flavor scores were established using a correlation analysis. Findings The correlation coefficient of the Kreis values determined by different Kreis tests was in decreasing order of: Kreis test-2 (−0.904) > Kreis test-4 (−0.792) > Kreis test-3 (−0.648) > Kreis test-1 (−0.469). Thus, among the four different Kreis tests, Kreis Test-2 reported by Pool and Prater (1945) was found to be more sensitive and more consistent, and have the highest coefficient of correlation (−0.904) with flavor score of ghee during storage at 80±2°C. Practical implications The finding of this study will be useful for the selection of an appropriate and reliable Kreis test that can be used for detecting rancidity in ghee at an incipient stage. The development of rancidity in the ghee leads to formation of off-flavor and such an oxidized product is not accepted by the consumer; this leads to economic loss to the manufacturer. Detection of traces of rancidity at an early stage provides an opportunity for industry personnel to take suitable control measures and/or make decisions regarding utilization of the product. Originality/value The use of a reliable Kreis test that detects traces of rancidity in a ghee can be very useful for enabling suitable measures to be taken to prevent further oxidative deterioration or to dispose of the ghee as early as possible.

scholarly journals Simple Nomographs for Assessing Lighting in Urban Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tomas Sandoval-Calderon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Incorporating different technologies and lighting techniques in the illumination of structures has allowed us to portray fantastic night time vistas of our cities. However, the success of the selected technique or technology is frequently assessed based on what the lighting does to the overall environment. At present, it is a common practice for the client or architect to require an illuminated night view of the building. These views are often used as part of the marketing strategy to promote building facilities. Alternatively, on a large scale, they can help promote buildings as city icons.  The illumination of building facades requires an appropriate selection of one or more floodlighting techniques and light sources to achieve the desired lighting effect. This selection, often driven by lighting standards and design considerations, will heavily influence the way in which that the overall lit environment will be portrayed at the end of the lighting project. Currently, tables and floodlighting techniques exist to select the recommended quantity of light and the most suitable luminaire arrangement to illuminate a façade. There is however, no direct indication of how the surrounding area will be affected when the recommended light levels are achieved on the façade.  Despite the increased importance of the floodlighting technique, the design of a good illuminated façade does not have a tradition on which to base parameters for the lighting design. This is often individually approached based on the knowledge, understanding, experience and proficiency of the lighting designer. Considering the diversity of buildings in urban environments, the selection of uncoordinated design parameters could have a significant impact on the area where the building is located. This could affect the occupant comfort and good energy management.  In light of the considerations presented above, it is only with a methodological approach that the lighting designer will be able to provide predictable and consistent results in any number of different situations. This presents an opportunity to develop a methodology to identify whether a façade is over-lit or if the proposed lighting solution is adequate for the area where it is situated.  The proposed methodology will provide a tool to estimate the potential lighting results while considering the effect on the overall environment where the building is located. When a façade is illuminated, the degree of the light experienced at street level is very much dependent upon the reflected light from the primary lit surface. This allows for a relationship based on light levels received at the surrounding street and the average illuminance level achieved on the façade.  Considering that lighting parameters such as lamp lumen output, the reflective qualities of the surface and the luminaire position are intrinsically connected to light reflections, a mathematical expression is formulated to link the relationship mentioned above with lighting design parameters through a set of nomographs. This method provides a good foundation to systematically approach lighting designs with a comprehensive procedure to link the practical lighting considerations with the lighting requirements that will provide occupant comfort and good energy management. This method will help designers to compare different lighting alternatives by analysing the lighting impact of different lit facade options at the very early stage of the lighting design process.</p>

scholarly journals An Intelligent/Learning Axial Fan Design System

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis G. Jackson ◽  
Terry Wright
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design System ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Axial Fan ◽  
Design Program ◽  
Current Design ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Refinement Process ◽  
Blade Element

A computer-based axial fan design system has been developed that allows the designer to rapidly obtain a preliminary axial fan design. Program FANDES allows the designer two options to determine the preliminary design parameters for a single-stage axial fan. The first option allows the designer the ability to design an axial fan using conventional blade-element design techniques. The second option enables the designer to search a database of previously designed fans for a set of scaled fans that will satisfy the current design point requirements. The designer can then refine one of the fans in this set to possibly improve the selected fan’s performance. The database of fans is utilized and maintained by FANDES and new fans are added at the user’s request. This allows for an intelligent program that is constantly learning from previous designs. As more fans are designed and saved to the database the design process becomes more of a selection and refinement process of previously designed fans.

scholarly journals Non-linear Impact of the Short Circuit Impedance Selection on the Cost Optimized Power Transformer Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
Tamás Orosz ◽  
Zoltán Ádám Tamus
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Power Transformer ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Design Rule ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Electrical Machine ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The Cost

Since the electrical machine design is a complex task it can be divided into sub-problems, e.g. preliminary and final design processes and checking of the final design. This paper deals with the preliminary design process, which provides the key-design parameters of the electrical machine. Traditionally, these electrical machine models in preliminary design phase neglect or use oversimplified insulation system models and the tap changing selection is not involved during the calculation of key-design parameters. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of the insulation distance minimization and tap-changing on the key design parameters of a cost-optimized large power transformer. For this purpose, the paper shows some examples, where the cost optimal design — in contrast to the classical insulation design rule — contains larger insulation distances than the possible minimum values. The effect of tap-changing methods are also investigated. These cost optimization made by a verified, metaheuristic method-based transformer optimization algorithm. The results show involving the insulation design and tap-changing selection into the preliminary design process can provide more economical designs.

Performance assessment and optimization of hybrid composite patch repair of aircraft structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 887-913
Author(s):  
Alpesh H. Makwana ◽  
A.A. Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Hybrid Composite ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Patch Repair ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Aircraft Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Composite Patch ◽  
Peel Stress ◽  
Selection Of

PurposeIn this article, a novel hybrid composite patch consisting of unidirectional carbon fiber and glass fiber is considered for repair of the aircraft structure. The purpose of this paper is to assess the performance of hybrid composite patch repair of cracked structure and propose an optimized solution to a designer for selection of the appropriate level of a parameter to ensure effective repair solution.Design/methodology/approachElastic properties of the hybrid composites are estimated by micromechanical modeling. Performance of hybrid composite patch repair is evaluated by numerical analysis of stress intensity factor (SIF), shear stress, and peel stress. Design of experiment is used to determine responses for a different combination of design parameters. The second-order mathematical model is suggested for SIF and peel stress. Adequacy of the model is checked by ANOVA and used as a fitness function. Multiobjective optimization is carried out with a genetic algorithm to arrive at the optimal solution.FindingsThe hybrid composite patch has maintained equilibrium between the SIF reduction and rise of the peel stress. The repair efficiency and repair durability can be ensured by selection of an optimum value of volume fraction of glass fiber, applied stress, and adhesive thickness.Originality/valueThe composite patch with varying stiffness is realized by hybridization with different volume fraction of fibers. Analysis and identification of optimum parameter to reduce the SIF and peel stress for hybrid composite patch repair are presented in this article.

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