Safe RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier A. Pérez-Castán ◽  
Fernando Gómez Comendador ◽  
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz ◽  
Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés ◽  
Jose Felix Alonso-Alarcon
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Conflict Duration ◽  
Flight Level ◽  
Conflict Risk ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Safety Metrics ◽  
Calculated Level

Purpose This paper aims to assess the implications in safety levels by the integration of remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). The goal is to calculate the number of RPAS that can jointly operate with conventional aircraft regarding conflict risk, without exceeding current safety levels. Design/methodology/approach This approach benchmarks a calculated level of safety (CLS) with a target level of safety (TLS). Monte Carlo (MC) simulations quantify the TLS based on the current operation of conventional aircraft. Then, different experiments calculate the CLS associated with combinations of conventional aircraft and RPAS. MC simulations are performed based on probabilistic distributions of aircraft performances, entry times and geographical distribution. The safety levels are based on a conflict risk model because the safety metrics are the average number of conflicts and average conflict duration. Findings The results provide restrictions to the number of RPAS that can jointly operate with conventional aircraft. The TLS is quantified for four conventional aircraft. MC simulations confirm that the integration of RPAS demands a reduction in the total number of aircraft. The same number of RPAS than conventional aircraft shows an increase over 90% average number of conflicts and 300% average conflict time. Research limitations/implications The methodology is applied to one flight level of en-route airspace without considering climbing or descending aircraft. Originality/value This paper is one of the most advanced investigations performed to quantify the number of RPAS that can be safely integrated into non-segregated airspace, which is one of the challenges for the forthcoming integration of RPAS. Particularly, Europe draws to allow operating RPAS and conventional aircraft in non-segregated airspace by 2025, but this demanding perspective entails a thorough analysis of operational and safety aspects involved.

scholarly journals How many RPAS can be safely integrated in non–segregated airspace?

2019 ◽  
Vol 304 ◽  
pp. 05003
Author(s):  
Javier A. Pérez–Castán ◽  
Fernando Gómez Comendador ◽  
Alvaro Rodriguez–Sanz ◽  
Rosa M. Arnaldo ◽  
Jaime Torrecilla
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Target Level ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Conflict Duration ◽  
Flight Level ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft System ◽  
Conflict Risk ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Calculated Level

The forthcoming integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) is one of the cmost omplex challenges for aviation. Europe draws to allow operating RPAS and conventional aircraft in non-segregated airspace by 2025, but this demanding perspective entails a thorough analysis of the different aspects involved. The RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace cannot imply an increase in the safety levels. This paper assesses how the RPAS integration affects safety levels. The goal is to regulate the number of RPAS that can jointly operate with conventional aircraft regarding conflict risk. This approach benchmarks a Calculated Level of Safety (CLS) with a Target Level of Safety (TLS). Monte Carlo (MC) simulations quantify the TLS based on schedules of conventional aircraft. Then, different combinations of conventional aircraft and RPAS provide different CLS. MC simulations are performed based on probabilistic distributions of aircraft performances, entry times and geographical distribution of aircraft. The safety levels are based on a conflict-risk model because the primary metrics are average number of conflicts and average conflict duration. The methodology is applied to one flight level of en-route airspace. The results provide restrictions to the number of RPAS that can jointly operate with conventional aircraft. Particularly, the TLS is quantified for four conventional aircraft and MC simulations provide the combinations of conventional aircraft and RPAS that fulfil the CLS. The same number of RPAS than conventional aircraft shows an increase over 90% average number of conflicts and 300% average conflict time.

Conflict-resolution algorithms for RPAS in non-segregated airspace

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier A. Pérez-Castán ◽  
Fernando Gómez Comendador ◽  
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz ◽  
Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés ◽  
Jaime Torrecilla
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Best Value ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Flight Level ◽  
Resolution Algorithm ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Two Parameters

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the development of conflict-resolution algorithms between Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) and conventional aircraft. The goal of the conflict-resolution algorithm is to estimate the minimum protection distance (MPD) which is required to avoid a potential conflict. Design/methodology/approach The conflict-resolution algorithms calculate the last location at which an RPAS must start climbing to avoid a separation minima infringement. The RPAS maneuvers to prevent the conventional aircraft based on the kinematic equations. The approach selects two parameters to model the conflict-geometry: the path-intersection angle and the Rate of Climb (ROCD). Findings Results confirmed that the aircraft pair flying in opposition was the worst scenario because the MPD reached its maximum value. The best value of the MPD is about 12 Nautical Miles to ensure a safe resolution of a potential conflict. Besides, variations of the ROCD concluded that the relation between the ROCD and the MPD is not proportional. Research limitations/implications The primary limitation is that the conflict-resolution algorithms are designed in a theoretical framework without bearing in mind other factors such as communications, navigation capacity, wind and pilot errors among others. Further work should introduce these concepts to determine how the MPD varies and affects air traffic safety. Moreover, the relation between an ROCD requirement and the MPD will have an impact on regulations. Practical implications The non-linear relation between the MPD and the ROCD could be the pillar to define a standardized MPD in the future for RPAS systematic integration. To accomplish this standard, RPAS could have to fulfil a requirement of minimum ROCD until a specified flight level. Originality/value This paper is the first approach to quantify the Minimum Protection Distance between RPAS and conventional aircraft, and it can serve the aeronautical community to define new navigation requirements for RPAS.

Airspace design for integrating RPAS into terminal airspace

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Arranz Moneo ◽  
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán ◽  
Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador ◽  
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz ◽  
Rosa María Arnaldo Valdes
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Terminal Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft System ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Further Development

Purpose This paper aims to analyse remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) integration in non-segregated terminal airspace. This work aims to identify the potential airspace volumes where a free operation of RPAS can be developed by analysing the airspace design of the terminal airspace. Design/methodology/approach The methodology considers five crucial elements of the airspace design: obstacles, prohibited, restricted and dangerous zones, aerodrome zones, departing and arriving procedures and visual corridors. Free operation of RPAS is performed in those airspace volumes that no interaction with instrumental flight rules (IFR) flights is expected. Free RPAS airspace volumes are separated through current IFR separation minima. Findings The results show there is a significant amount of available airspace that RPAS can operate without interaction with conventional aircraft. The more significant risks are allocated by the limitations imposed by departing and arriving procedures in the terminal airspace. Research limitations/implications The methodology is applied to medium-dense terminal airspace. This work assumes RPAS can perform visual or instrumental flights. Originality/value RPAS is a capital issue for the majority of aviation actors. This work underlay the further development of a methodology regarding airspace design for RPAS in a terminal control area.

Innovative time-based separation procedures for civil RPAS integration

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 728-735
Author(s):  
Roberta Fusaro ◽  
Nicole Viola ◽  
Sara Cresto Aleina ◽  
Giovanni Antonio Di Meo
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Air Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Future ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to suggest feasible solutions to overcome the problem of unmanned aerial vehicles integration within the existing airspace. Design/methodology/approach It envisages innovative time-based separation procedures that will enhance the integration in the future air traffic management (ATM) system of next generation of large remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). 4D navigation and dynamic mobile area concepts, both proposed in the framework of Single European Sky ATM Research program, are brought together to hypothesize innovative time-based separation procedures aiming at promoting integration of RPAS in the future ATM system. Findings Benefits of proposed procedures, mainly evaluated in terms of volume reduction of segregated airspace, are quantitatively analyzed on the basis of realistic operational scenarios focusing on monitoring activities in both nominal and emergency conditions. Eventually, the major limits of time-based separation for RPAS are investigated. Practical implications The implementation of the envisaged procedures will be a key enabler in RPAS integration in future ATM integration. Originality/value In the current ATM scenario, separation of RPAS from air traffic is ensured by segregating a large amount of airspace areas with fixed dimensions, dramatically limiting the activities of these vehicles.

scholarly journals RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace: Safety metrics for tactical planning

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (16) ◽  
pp. 6063-6075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier A Pérez-Castán ◽  
Fernando G Comendador ◽  
Álvaro Rodriguez-Sanz ◽  
Rosa M Arnaldo Valdés ◽  
Gonzalo Agueda
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Tactical Planning ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Path Modelling ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft System ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Safety Metrics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Temporary Blocking

The integration of remotely piloted aircraft system in non-segregated airspace requires a significant effort and new methodologies to underway this challenge. This paper develops a methodology to assess the impact of remotely piloted aircraft system integration by applying safety metrics in tactical planning. This methodology builds five modules to simulate remotely piloted aircraft system introduction in a conventional-aircraft schedule: Base scenario, path modelling, conflict detection, temporary-blocking window and safety metrics. The safety metrics quantify the safety state of the operation by the number of conflicts, the conflict severity and the airway availability. This last safety metric represents a step forward in the decision-making process because it provides the airway risk-suitability to integrate remotely piloted aircraft system. Moreover, the temporary-blocking window underlies the airway availability metric. This concept provides temporary restrictions to the integration of remotely piloted aircraft system depending on the entry times of the conventional aircraft. Finally, this methodology is applied in an air traffic volume of the Spanish upper airspace. Different simulations were performed by introducing remotely piloted aircraft system covering every airway of the airspace. Results provided the temporary-blocking windows that specified the temporary restrictions to remotely piloted aircraft system introduction as a function of the airway flown by the conventional aircraft. Furthermore, the methodology appraised the airway availability characterising the airways depending on the risk impact by the remotely piloted aircraft system.

scholarly journals New job matches and their stability before and during the crisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amparo Nagore García ◽  
Arthur van Soest
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Transitions ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
The Individual

Purpose Using administrative data from the Spanish Social Security Administration, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the nature and stability of job matches starting during the economic boom in 2005 and during the recession in 2009. Design/methodology/approach The authors compare the individual, job, and firm characteristics in the two samples and estimate a competing risk model distinguishing job-to-job, job-to-unemployment, and other transitions. Findings The authors find that job-to-job transitions are pro-cyclical, while unemployment transitions are counter-cyclical. Individuals most affected by the economic crisis tend to be young males, living in regions with high unemployment rates, with low qualifications and working in manual occupations (particularly construction), and (especially Spanish speaking) immigrants. Originality/value The positive relation between job stability and firm size is stronger during the recession than during the boom.

Technical and economic analysis of certain types of service robots

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1965-1986
Author(s):  
T.A. Komkina ◽  
M.A. Nikonova ◽  
M.G. Dubinina
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Service Robots ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Technical Indicators ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Prosthetic Hands ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Aircraft System

Subject. The article analyzes development trends in certain types of service robots, namely, hybrid UAVs, bionic prosthetic hands, robotic vacuum cleaners. Objectives. We focus on identifying the main trends in the development of certain types of service robots, building dynamic models of their technical indicators and models of dependence of their price and weight on absolute characteristics and technical parameters. Methods. The study employs methods of correlation and multiple regression analysis. The data of the IFR, the Remotely Piloted Aircraft System, and websites of robot manufacturers serve as the informational basis of the paper. Results. The modeling unveils positive correlation between the integrated indicator of the technical level of hybrid UAVs of convertiplane type and the wingspan. The analysis of modern bionic prosthetic hands shows that the developers focus on optimizing the structure of the prosthetic, however, as the functions of the hand improve, the weight of bionic hand increases. The main factors influencing the price of robot vacuum cleaners are their power, weight, and operating hours. Conclusions. The unit price of a complex indicator of the technical level of hybrid UAVs is lower than the corresponding indicator of fixed-wing UAVs, reflecting a greater efficiency of hybrid UAVs. The analysis of technical indicators of robotic prosthetics (using the case of bionic hands) shows that any improvement of functional characteristics leads to deterioration of weight. The analysis of technical and economic indicators of robotic vacuum cleaners reveals a positive correlation between the price and weight, operating hours and power.

scholarly journals Vulnerable adults in police custody

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Ian Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Police Custody ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vulnerable Adults

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the recent National Appropriate Adult Network (NAAN) report on the role of the appropriate adult. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on the NAAN report and a review of relevant policy and research literature. Findings There to Help 2 highlights that there are still significant gaps in the provision of appropriate adult schemes across England and Wales. These gaps potentially place vulnerable adults at increased risk. Originality/value This paper is a review of recent research.

Co-workers’ perceptions of and reactions to employee’s involuntary demotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Hennekam ◽  
Subramaniam Ananthram ◽  
Steve McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Informational Justice ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Behavioural Reaction ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
The Way

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how individuals perceive and react to the involuntary demotion of a co-worker in their organisation. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on 46 semi-structured in-depth interviews (23 dyads) with co-workers of demoted individuals. Findings The findings suggest that an individual’s observation of the demotion of a co-worker has three stages: their perception of fairness, their emotional reaction and their behavioural reaction. The perception of fairness concerned issues of distributive, procedural, interpersonal and informational justice. The emotional responses identified were feelings of disappointment/disillusion, uncertainty, vulnerability and anger. Finally, the behavioural reactions triggered by their emotional responses included expressions of voice, loyalty, exit and adaptation. Originality/value Perceptions of (in)justice perpetrated on others stimulate emotional and behavioural responses, which impacts organisational functioning. Managers should therefore pay attention to the way a demotion is perceived, not only by those directly concerned, but also by co-workers as observers.

Consumer value creation through WhatsApp use

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-471
Author(s):  
Jorge Cruz-Cárdenas ◽  
Jorge Guadalupe-Lanas ◽  
Ekaterina Zabelina ◽  
Andrés Palacio-Fierro ◽  
Margarita Velín-Fárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Role Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Value ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand in-depth how consumers create value in their lives using WhatsApp, the leading mobile instant messaging (MIM) application. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts the perspective of customer-dominant logic (CDL) and uses a qualitative multimethod design involving 3 focus groups and 25 subsequent in-depth interviews. The research setting was Ecuador, a Latin American country. Findings Analysis and interpretation of the participants’ stories made it possible to identify and understand the creation of four types of value: maintaining and strengthening relationships; improving role performance; emotional support; and entertainment and fun. In addition, the present study proposes a conceptual model of consumer value creation as it applies to MIM. Practical implications Understanding the way consumers create value in their lives using MIM is important not only for organizations that offer MIM applications, but also for those companies that develop other applications for mobile phones or for those who wish to use MIM as an electronic word-of-mouth vehicle. Originality/value The current study is one of the first to address the topic of consumer behavior in the use of technologies from the perspective of CDL; this perspective enables an integrated qualitative vision of value creation in which the consumer is the protagonist.

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