Assessing attachment status in adults with intellectual disabilities: the potential of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna J Gallichan ◽  
Carol George
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Adult Attachment Projective ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP) as a measure of attachment state of mind in adults with intellectual disabilities. The AAP is a free response picture system method of assessing patterns of adult attachment with established validity and reliability in community and clinical samples. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports on five cases of adults with intellectual disabilities who were administered the AAP as part of routine clinical work. The AAP administration procedure was modified to take account of the participants’ intellectual disabilities. Findings – It was possible to code and classify each AAP using the established coding and classification system. The authors coded four cases blind to each other ' s classification; they agreed on classifications for three cases and reached consensus on the fourth. The AAP analysis showed strong correspondence with case history material. Originality/value – The AAP demonstrates the potential to assess attachment state of mind in adults with intellectual disabilities and is the first developmental measure of attachment status that has shown potential in this population. The paper discusses clinical application of the AAP and directions for future research.

The Adult Attachment Projective Picture System: a pilot study of inter-rater reliability and face validity with adults with intellectual disabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna Gallichan ◽  
Carol George
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adult Attachment Projective ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess whether the Adult Attachment Projective (AAP) Picture System is a reliable and face valid measure of internal working models of attachment in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). Design/methodology/approach The AAPs of 20 adults with ID were coded blind by two reliable judges and classified into one of four groups: secure, dismissing, preoccupied, or unresolved. Inter-rater reliability was calculated using κ. Six participants repeated the assessment for test-retest reliability. Two independent experts rated ten cases on the links between the AAP analysis and the clinical history. Findings There was significant agreement between AAP judges, κ=0.677, p<0.001. Five out of six participants showed stability in their classifications over time. The majority of expert ratings were “good” or “excellent”. There was a significant inter-class correlation between raters suggesting good agreement between them r=0.51 (p<0.05). The raters’ feedback suggested that the AAP had good clinical utility. Research limitations/implications The inter-rater reliability, stability, face validity, and clinical utility of the AAP in this population is promising. Further examination of these findings with a larger sample of individuals with ID is needed. Originality/value This is the first study attempting to investigate the reliability and validity of the AAP in this population.

scholarly journals Commentary on “Dietitians’ challenges when consulting to adults with intellectual disabilities”

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-167
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Triantafyllopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Randomised Control Trials ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider issues around obesity and overweight for people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Design/methodology/approach A review of the literature is provided looking at issues around overweight and obesity for adults with IDs. Both prevalence studies and intervention studies were considered. Findings The prevalence of overweight and obesity is considerably higher for adults with IDs when compared to the general population. Intervention studies focusing on multiple components seem to be the most effective. However, future research should focus on randomised control trials taking into consideration the views of people with IDs. Originality/value This paper synthesizes some of the available evidence on obesity and overweight for adults with IDs providing clear recommendations for the future.

Teaching playground behavioural expectations to secondary age students with intellectual disabilities attending a special school

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Simó-Pinatella ◽  
Marisa Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Special School ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Students With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Special Education School ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Materials Used

Purpose School-wide positive behaviour support (SWPBS) is a proactive behavioural support system that fosters behaviour change in individuals in a school setting. This article aims to present a case example of teaching and reinforcing behavioural expectations in a special school. Design/methodology/approach This case study reflects different steps and materials used before and during the intervention in a special education school with 61 secondary students with intellectual disabilities. An AB design (A – baseline; B – intervention) was used to collect and analyze data. Findings Results suggest that teaching behavioural expectations as a universal measure may be feasible and positively impact school climate. Suggestions and recommendations for implementing SWPBS within a school are provided. Originality/value This case study provides a step-by-step guide illustrating the process of teaching and reinforcing behavioural playground expectations to young adults with intellectual disabilities attending a special school.

Cybercrime's tendencies of the teenagers in the COVID-19 era: assessing the influence of mobile games, social networks and religious attitudes

Kybernetes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Jiaze Li ◽  
Qi Fan ◽  
Zhihong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Mobile Games ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Religious Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe teenager community is the most affected community by cybercrime in the COVID-19 era. Increasing social networks and facilitating teenager access to the Internet have increased the probability of cybercrimes. On the other hand, entertainment such as mobile and computer games is top-rated among teenagers. Teenagers' tendency to cybercrime may be influenced by individual, parent, social, economic and political factors. Studying the impact of social networks, mobile games and parents' religious attitudes on teenagers' tendency to cybercrimes in the COVID-19 era is the primary goal of this paper.Design/methodology/approachThe outbreak of COVID-19 caused a considerable change in the world and the lifestyle of all people. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) was also affected by the special conditions of this virus. Changes in ICT and rapid access to it have empowered individuals and organizations, and people have increased civic participation and interaction through ICT. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 has created new challenges for the government and citizens and may cause new crimes. Cybercrime is a type of crime that occurs in a cyber environment. These crimes range from invasions of privacy to crimes in which the offender vaguely paralyzes the macroeconomic. In this research, 265 students of high schools and universities are used for collecting data by utilizing a survey. Measuring actions have been done in all surveys employing a Likert scale. The causal pattern is assessed through a constructional equation modeling procedure to study the scheme's validity and reliability.FindingsThe outcomes have indicated that social networks have no significant relationship with teenagers' tendency to cybercrimes in the COVID-19 era. Mobile games have a mild effect on teenagers' tendency to cybercrimes in the COVID-19 era, and parents' religious attitudes significantly impact teenagers' tendency to cybercrimes in the COVID-19 era.Research limitations/implicationsCurrent research also has some restrictions that must be noticed in assessing the outcomes. First, sample research was selected from high schools and universities in one city. So, the size of the model is small, and the generalization of results is limited. Second, this research may have ignored other variables that affect the tendency of teenagers' to cybercrime. Future researchers intend to investigate the parents' upbringing system's impact on teenager's trend to cybercrime in the COVID-19 era. Future research can also examine practical factors such as parental upbringing, attitudes toward technology development and virtual addiction in the COVID-19 era.Originality/valueIn this study, teenagers' tendency to cybercrimes in the COVID-19 era is investigated, and a procedure is applied depending on a practical occasion. This article's offered sample provides a perfect framework for influencing parents' social networks, mobile games and religious attitudes on teenagers' tendency to cybercrimes in the COVID-19 era.

Knowledge of mental capacity assessment in staff working with people with learning disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Ashley Chapman ◽  
Karen Dodd ◽  
Laurence Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Capacity Assessment ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate staff knowledge of Mental Capacity Act (MCA) capacity assessments within the Learning Disabilities division of a Mental Health and Learning Disabilities Trust. The limited research available suggests staff knowledge tends to be poor, particularly concerning who is the decision maker. Design/methodology/approach A 12-item multiple choice questionnaire, which reflects the five core principles of MCA (2005), was developed. Questionnaires were completed by 262 health and social staff members who support people with LD. Findings Results show high variability of MCA capacity assessment knowledge within the LD division. However, qualified staff and those from health services scored significantly higher across all categories on the questionnaire compared to non-qualified and social care staff, respectively. On average, all staff scored poorly when asked to identify “who is the decision maker?” in a case scenario question. Research limitations/implications The main limitation is that we did not collect data on how many previous capacity assessments and discussions each person had been involved with. The findings clearly suggest current methods of training lack efficacy in helping staff apply MCA knowledge to their clinical work. Originality/value Compared to past literature, this study utilised a novel and more comprehensive questionnaire. This focused on case scenario questions to assess staff situational judgement. In addition, the findings add to a sparse evidence base that provides a foundation for future research.

Configurations of leadership practices in hospital units

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninna Meier
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Hospital Units ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Everyday Work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how leadership is practiced across four different hospital units. Design/methodology/approach – The study is a comparative case study of four hospital units, based on detailed observations of the everyday work practices, interactions and interviews with ten interdisciplinary clinical managers. Findings – Comparing leadership as configurations of practices across four different clinical settings, the author shows how flexible and often shared leadership practices were embedded in and central to the core clinical work in all units studied here, especially in more unpredictable work settings. Practices of symbolic work and emotional support to staff were particularly important when patients were severely ill. Research limitations/implications – Based on a study conducted with qualitative methods, these results cannot be expected to apply in all clinical settings. Future research is invited to extend the findings presented here by exploring leadership practices from a micro-level perspective in additional health care contexts: particularly the embedded and emergent nature of such practices. Practical implications – This paper shows leadership practices to be primarily embedded in the clinical work and often shared across organizational or professional boundaries. Originality/value – This paper demonstrated how leadership practices are embedded in the everyday work in hospital units. Moreover, the analysis shows how configurations of leadership practices varied in four different clinical settings, thus contributing with contextual accounts of leadership as practice, and suggested “configurations of practice” as a way to carve out similarities and differences in leadership practices across settings.

Cruising back to the basic needs

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Denver E. Severt ◽  
Asli D.A. Tasci
Keyword(s):  
Basic Needs ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cruise Industry ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Human Growth And Development ◽  
The Individual

Purpose Tourism activities inherently include the liminoid state of mind that impels people to go out of ordinary behavior, some of which is inversionary. The purpose of this paper is to explore travelers’ cruise behavior as related to their needs while entering and experiencing a cruise trip. Design/methodology/approach A total of 395 vacationers were sampled and surveyed about their selected top three factors for cruising, motivations for cruising and needs while cruising. The sample was grouped into inversioners and rejuvenators to see if there was any evidence of liminoid behavior in cruising needs and what they may be. Findings The results show that the important reasons to choose cruises for vacation are aligned with past literature showing that people choose cruises for vacation mostly for the good value of the food and beverage bundled with good climate, entertainment appropriate for quality time with family and for rest and relaxation. In addition, the results on motivations to go on a cruise show that lower-level needs on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs have more importance than the higher-level needs. Research limitations/implications The current study was conducted on an online platform. Future research with panels of cruise travelers across all the stages of liminoid behavior, before, during and after a cruise trip, may provide valuable findings in terms of changes in needs and motivations. Practical implications The inversionary tendency of cruise travelers implies for the cruise industry the need to create an alternative (or inversionary) routine restoring the basic needs, while still providing enough opportunities for self-actualization that may foster balanced travel experiences for human growth and development. Providing a more balanced product and service offering may be strategic for the cruise companies because the activities geared for higher-level needs may provide memorable experiences and hence induce consumer loyalty after the trip is completed. Social implications The focus on eating and drinking during cruises may be providing cruise travelers with instant gratification during the span of the cruise. However, the consequences for the individual travelers, the industry, destinations and the environment may not be as gratifying. For a more responsible tourism, cruise travel may need an image makeover highlighting different packages within a cruise to better align with the desired needs of different segments of cruisers. Originality/value The study contributes to the understanding of the second or “transition” stage in liminal theory in tourism and is one of the first to examine the liminoid state of mind using a basic-needs approach for studying cruise traveler needs. Further, it contributes by exploring liminoid behavior of a group of people in the context of the same type of travel, cruise, rather than investigating liminoid behavior across different types of travel, thus allowing segmentation possibilities for the cruise industry.

Identification of PTSD in adults with intellectual disabilities in five patients in a specialised psychiatric inpatient unit

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trine Lise Bakken ◽  
Arvid Nikolai Kildahl ◽  
Vibeke Gjersøe ◽  
Espen Matre ◽  
Tone Kristiansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatient ◽  
Inpatient Unit ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatient Unit ◽  
Severe Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults with intellectual disabilities. Existing research in this area encompasses case studies, and includes, for the most part, persons with mild intellectual disabilities. Design/methodology/approach – The aim of this study is to investigate symptom presentation and subsequent identification of PTSD in persons with more severe intellectual disabilities; i.e. persons with moderate or severe intellectual disabilities. Five patients in a specialised psychiatric inpatient unit for patients with intellectual disabilities were included. Information about the patients was collected through case files and interviews with key informants: family, milieu therapists, and caregivers in community settings, and observations through inpatient admission. The authors of this paper followed a training programme for trauma therapists in addition to the inpatient treatment of the five patients. The five patients all met criteria for PTSD according to the Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability. Findings – Previously, it was not suspected that the five patients suffered from PTSD, although they had experienced terrifying incidents. All patients displayed severe changes in behaviour, which may have overshadowed symptoms of PTSD. PTSD in persons with more severe intellectual disabilities may be interpreted as challenging behaviour, or other psychiatric disorders such as psychosis. Research limitations/implications – The limitation of the study is the small number of participants. Practical implications – Practical implication is linked to clinical practice related to identification of PTSD in persons with intellectual disabilities. Originality/value – The paper may encourage more research into how PTSD can be identified in persons with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities. The case reports may help clinicians to look for traumatic experiences in persons with intellectual disabilities who have experienced terrifying incidents.

scholarly journals ‘I’m sure we made it a better study…’: Experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities and parent carers of patient and public involvement in a health research study

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Beighton ◽  
Christina Victor ◽  
Iain M Carey ◽  
Fay Hosking ◽  
Steve DeWilde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Patient And Public Involvement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Group Interviews

Patient and public involvement is considered integral to health research in the United Kingdom; however, studies documenting the involvement of adults with intellectual disabilities and parent carers in health research studies are scarce. Through group interviews, this study explored the perspectives and experiences of a group of adults with intellectual disabilities and a group of parent carers about their collaborative/participatory involvement in a 3-year study which explored the effectiveness of annual health checks for adults with intellectual disabilities. Thematic analysis identified five key themes consistent across both groups; authenticity of participation, working together, generating new outcome measures, dissemination of findings and involvement in future research. Although reported anecdotally rather than originating from the analysis, increased self-confidence is also discussed. The groups’ unique perspectives led to insights not previously considered by the research team which led to important recommendations to inform healthcare practice.

Demographic determinants of electronic commerce (EC) adoption by SMEs

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hart Okorie Awa ◽  
Don Monday Baridam ◽  
Barinedum Michael Nwibere
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Top Management ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Demographic Composition ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – Research on the demographic characteristics of top management team (TMT) on e-commerce adoption has really advanced. Although some of such studies factored location factors as e-commerce adoption drivers, rare attempts have been made to unravel if the differences in the demographic composition of TMT and the rate of adoption may be explained by the differences in the firm’s geographical location. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to bridge this knowledge gap by proposing a framework that conceives and measures geographical location as a contextual variable between e-commerce adoption and TMT composition. Design/methodology/approach – Data were generated from the opinions of owners/managers of 226 SMEs drawn purposefully from registered SMEs in five industries located in three geo-political zones of Nigeria. Two cities (a state capital and a commercial nerve centre) were studied and a four-step hierarchical regression (spanning factor-loading) was used to test the hypotheses. Findings – Evidence from the study shows that the hypothesized relationships between demographic factors and e-commerce adoption (main/direct effects) were statistically significant (supporting H1-H4). The two moderators (physical infrastructures and industrial specialization) that explained location factors were equally statistically significant in moderating the relationship between the demographic composition of TMT and e-commerce adoption. Research limitations/implications – Sampling the opinions of SMEs in some industries of three geo-political zones of Nigeria limits the power of generalization. Therefore, extended data and measures are required to replicate the study in order to build external validity and reliability, and possibly theories. Further, some errors seem unavoidable in the course of converting the data through SPSS procedure just as all the measures used appear subjective and prone to common method bias. Other demographic and location factors not captured in the study may be handled by future studies. Originality/value – The work will be of benefit to the academia and practitioners in terms of showing how location factors dictate the relationship between the demographic composition of top management and e-commerce adoption. The paper raises pointers that stimulate future research and advised policy-makers on even or near-even distribution of infrastructural facilities.

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