A study of the Chinese consumers’ product-country image of Spain

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 947-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haritz Gorostidi-Martinez ◽  
Weimin Xu ◽  
Xiaokang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Country Image ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Product Image ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Purpose As part of a cross-cultural research, the purpose of this paper is to provide further insights into the existing product-country image (PCI) of the Chinese consumers’ perceptions of Spain, its products, and its people, thereby providing an overall contemporary Spanish PCI within the Chinese market. Design/methodology/approach In total, 215 valid structured questionnaires were gathered throughout China. Following a pre-investigation of 259 usable questionnaires, a 52-item construct was drawn from the existing widely used PCI item scales, designing a structured PCI construct, covering: “country image,” “personal image,” “product image,” “general knowledge about Spain,” and “personal data.” Findings The study provides: a PCI pre-investigation research results as well as a literature review on PCI topic; research results for the five hypotheses concerning Chinese citizens’ view of Spanish product price, quality, technicality, inventiveness, and known brands view; descriptive statistics as well as result graphs for each of the covered PCI sections; our PCI construct variable correlations with the tested five product image variables; and general implications. Research limitations/implications Standardizing PCI longitudinal studies, as well as focusing on how the Spanish Government and private sector should determine the long-term criteria to facilitate a clearer representation of the Spanish PCI evolution within the Chinese market, is advised. Originality/value The current study intends to capture insights for Spain and other country’s public and private sector decision makers to better integrate market and non-market strategies. The results would further assist delineating strategies to avoid the liability of foreignness of Spanish organizations within China.

A review of Spanish consumers’ product-country image of China

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haritz Gorostidi-Martinez ◽  
Weimin Xu ◽  
Xiaokang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Country Image ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Product Image ◽  
Image Variables ◽  
Data Informed

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to facilitate and clarify the perceptions of Spanish consumers towards China, its people, and its products, while outlining the overall contemporary Chinese product-country image (PCI) within the Spanish market. Design/methodology/approach A 52-item construct was adapted from former PCI scales from cross-cultural equivalence, including “country image”, “personal image”, “product image”, “general knowledge about China”, and “personal data”. Overall, 215 valid structured questionnaires were gathered. Findings The current study provides: a PCI literature review; hypotheses results concerning Spanish citizens’ views of Chinese products’ price, quality, technicality, inventiveness, and known brands concepts; descriptive statistics and results graphs for each of the PCI sections; and correlations of other variables with the five product image variables within the construct. Research limitations/implications Implementing standardized, longitudinal consumer studies that facilitate better comprehension of PCI evolution within a specific market emerged as a future research agenda. Originality/value The data informed both the Chinese public and private organizations’ managers of the importance of adapting to the market and non-market environments within Spain to avoid the liability of country of origin effect.

Relationship between CSR motivations and corporate social performance: a study in the power industry in India

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moumita Acharyya ◽  
Tanuja Agarwala
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Corporate Social Performance ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Public And Private Sector

PurposeThe paper aims to understand the different motivations / reasons for engaging in CSR initiatives by the organizations. In addition, the study also examines the relationship between CSR motivations and corporate social performance (CSP).Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from two power sector organizations: one was a private sector firm and the other was a public sector firm. A comparative analysis of the variables with respect to private and public sector organizations was conducted. A questionnaire survey was administered among 370 employees working in the power sector, with 199 executives from public sector and 171 from private sector.Findings“Philanthropic” motivation emerged as the most dominant CSR motivation among both the public and private sector firms. The private sector firm was found to be significantly higher with respect to “philanthropic”, “enlightened self-interest” and “normative” CSR motivations when compared with the public sector firms. Findings suggest that public and private sector firms differed significantly on four CSR motivations, namely, “philanthropic”, “enlightened self-interest”, “normative” and “coercive”. The CSP score was significantly different among the two power sector firms of public and private sectors. The private sector firm had a higher CSP level than the public sector undertaking.Research limitations/implicationsFurther studies in the domain need to address differences in CSR motivations and CSP across other sectors to understand the role of industry characteristics in influencing social development targets of organizations. Research also needs to focus on demonstrating the relationship between CSP and financial performance of the firms. Further, the HR outcomes of CSR initiatives and measurement of CSP indicators, such as attracting and retaining talent, employee commitment and organizational climate factors, need to be assessed.Originality/valueThe social issues are now directly linked with the business model to ensure consistency and community development. The results reveal a need for “enlightened self-interest” which is the second dominant CSR motivation among the organizations. The study makes a novel contribution by determining that competitive and coercive motivations are not functional as part of organizational CSR strategy. CSR can never be forced as the very idea is to do social good. Eventually, the CSR approach demands a commitment from within. The organizations need to emphasize more voluntary engagement of employees and go beyond statutory requirements for realizing the true CSR benefits.

Underlying values and competencies of public and private sector managers

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean D. Darling ◽  
J. Barton Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Critical Incident ◽  
Visionary Leadership ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify unique values and competencies linked to private and public sector environments. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on critical incident interviews with a sample of senior leaders who had experience in both the public and private sectors. Findings The findings illustrate distinct public and private sector relevant competencies that reflect the unique values of their organizations and the character of the organization’s environments. This paper suggests a range of distinct public sector competencies including: managing competing interests, managing the political environment, communicating in a political environment, interpersonal motivational skills, adding value for clients, and impact assessment in decision-making. These were very different than those identified as critical for the private sector environment: business acumen, visionary leadership, marketing communication, market acumen, interpersonal communication, client service, and timely and opportunistic decision-making. Private sector competencies reflect private sector environments where goals need to be specifically defined and implemented in a timely manner related to making a profit and surviving in a competitive environment. Public sector competencies are driven by environments exhibiting more complex and unresolvable problems and the need to respond to conflicting publics and serving the public good while surviving in a political environment. Originality/value A key message of this study is that competency frameworks need to be connected to the organization’s unique environments and the values that managers are seeking to achieve. This is particularly important for public organizations that have more complex and changing environments.

The role of Korean prototypical brand image in shaping country image and quality evaluations: a cross-cultural examination

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Byoungho Ellie Jin ◽  
Heesoon Yang ◽  
Naeun Lauren Kim
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Country Image ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Content Type

PurposeBuilt on the prototype and cue theories, the purpose of this study is to understand how a country's prototypical brand, a corporate brand that most consumers associate with a country (e.g. Samsung), contributes to forming two dimensions of country image – overall country image (i.e. macro country image) and product-specific country image (i.e. micro country image) – and how country image impacts the product quality evaluations of Korean cosmetics, along with the moderating effect of national culture.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 491 US and Chinese consumers ages 20 and older and analyzed using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe findings confirmed the positive influence of prototypical brand image on macro and micro country image. Macro country image also had a positive effect on micro country image. However, only micro country image yielded a positive influence on the quality evaluations of Korean cosmetics. Analyses of the moderating effect of national culture showed that the positive influence of prototypical brand image on macro and micro country image was found to be stronger in China than in the US.Originality/valueThese findings provided new theoretical perspectives for country image studies, and practical insights for companies and governments, especially those in countries whose country image is less distinctive, to help develop effective marketing strategies.

Brazil banks will stay cautious amid fragile recovery

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Retail Banking ◽  
Foreign Bank ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Subject Outlook for the banking sector. Significance The two-year recession has made Brazil’s public- and private-sector banks increasingly risk-averse in their lending to households and companies. This is likely to persist in 2017, owing to a very uncertain and fragile economic recovery, high unemployment and elevated levels of private-sector debt. Impacts Less-aggressive lending by national state banks will help public finances and give private banks a chance to increase market share. Spanish Santander will be the only foreign bank capable of competing in Brazil’s retail banking segment in the coming years. Other foreign banks lacking the necessary scale for profitable retail banking will focus on other niches.

Antecedents of customer satisfaction: a study of Indian public and private sector banks

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinita Kaura
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Retail Banking ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Convenience ◽  
Public And Private Sector

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of service quality, perceived price and fairness and service convenience on customer satisfaction. It also aims to compare multiple regression models between public and new private sector banks.Design/methodology/approachA cross‐sectional research on 445 retail banking customers through a questionnaire is conducted. The population of the study consists of valued retail urban customers of banks in Rajasthan, India, who frequently visit bank premises for transactions, have accounts in at least two banks and have availed of at least one information technology based services. Responses are analysed using regression analyses.FindingsDimensions of service quality are employee behavior, tangibility and information technology. Dimensions of service convenience are decision convenience, access convenience, transaction convenience, benefit convenience and post‐benefit convenience. For public sector banks, except tangibility, all antecedents have positive impact on customer satisfaction. For private sector banks except tangibility and benefit convenience all antecedents have positive impact on customer satisfaction. Significant difference in beta coefficient is found between public and private sector banks regarding employee behavior, decision convenience, access convenience and post‐benefit convenience.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has taken into account a specific category of retail banking customers. Thus, it limits generalization of results to other banking populations.Practical implicationsThis study highlights the importance of service quality, service convenience and price in satisfying customers. Bank managers can focus on these factors to satisfy customers.Originality/valueThe paper emphasizes the significance of service quality, price and SERVCON on customer satisfaction for Indian banking sector. It compares the multiple regression models for public and private sector banks.

Entering the dragon’s nest: exploring Chinese upper-class consumers’ perception of luxury

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Chen ◽  
Lucio Lamberti
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Luxury Brands ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Value Consciousness ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Luxury Market

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the perception of luxury from the perspectives of Chinese upper-class consumers. Design/methodology/approach – Four focus groups, each consisting of six upper-class and experienced luxury consumers, are formed in four cities, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Hong Kong, which are among the most affluent, populated and developed in the luxury market. Findings – The findings suggest that Chinese upper-class luxury consumers, indeed, hold different perceptions for luxury in several aspects: price premium is a prestige in contrast to general Chinese consumers’ “value-consciousness”; exclusivity is more valued by the upper-class and experienced consumers; more attention of the upper-class consumers has shifted to individual values from social values; brand value is of high importance; and there exist differences among consumers in different regions. Practical implications – The study suggests that luxury brands should recognize the differences between the upper-class customers who are still the core consumers for luxury goods and the middle-class customers who are growing rapidly while designing their marketing strategies. Originality/value – The study focuses, unprecedentedly, on the upper-class and experienced Chinese luxury consumers who represent the most valuable group of customers of the luxury brands in the Chinese market. Given the peculiarity of customer behavior in the luxury market, such focus provides a brand new perspective without the noises from the inclusion of consumers with insufficient purchasing power and ineligible experience in luxury consumption.

scholarly journals Cognitive processes, rewards and online knowledge sharing behaviour: the moderating effect of organisational innovation

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1241-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuyet-Mai Nguyen ◽  
Ashish Malik
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Intrinsic Rewards ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organisational Innovation ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Online knowledge sharing is a critical process for maintaining organisational competitive advantage. This paper aims to develop a new conceptual framework that investigates the moderating impacts of innovation on self-efficacy, extrinsic and intrinsic rewards on employees’ online knowledge sharing behaviour in public and private sector companies. Design/methodology/approach This research analysed 200 responses to test the moderating effects of organisational innovation on the relationship between self-efficacy and rewards and online knowledge sharing behviours. The analysis was carried out using component-based partial least squares (PLS) approach and SmartPLS 3 software. Findings The results reveal that self-efficacy significantly affects online knowledge sharing behaviour in firms, regardless of the organisation type. Extrinsic rewards encourage employees in private companies to share knowledge online, whereas intrinsic rewards work effectively in public companies. Additionally, the study found the moderating role of organisational innovation in examining the relationship between rewards and online knowledge sharing behaviour. Research limitations/implications Future research may consider different dimensions such as knowledge donating and collecting behaviours as well as motives, such as self-enjoyment, reciprocity or social interaction ties, which may be investigated to get a deeper understanding of online knowledge sharing behaviour. Practical implications Firms must tailor training and rewards to suit employees’ abilities and needs so as to align with organisation type and innovation. Originality/value The study’s distinctive contribution is the under-researched context of Vietnamese public and private sector banks for investigating the moderating effects of organisational innovation on micro and meso factors on online knowledge sharing behaviour.

Awareness of intellectual capital among bank executives in India: a survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-310
Author(s):  
Mahesh Joshi ◽  
Monika Kansal ◽  
Sharad Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
External Capital ◽  
Bank Executives ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Purpose This paper aims to explore the awareness of terminology related to intellectual capital (IC) among executives of Indian banks and the sources in which they mostly find IC-related terminology. The paper also explores relative and specific contributions of each selected source of information in creating IC awareness among bank executives in India and determines difference among the executives from the public and private sector. Design/methodology/approach This research paper follows a survey-based approach to capture the perceptions of Indian bank managers working middle and top management across different banks. Regression analysis and ANOVA were applied to data from 166 responses. Findings The study finds that IC awareness among Indian banking executives is reasonably high and is equally spread across the three sub-categories of capital (external capital, human capital and internal capital), though the relative awareness of external capital is on the higher side. However, the sources of awareness of IC terminology differ among executives from the public- and private-sector banks. Research limitations/implications The sample was limited to middle and top managers in the Indian banking industry and suffers from the usual limitations of survey-based research such as the design of the survey instrument and the personal biases of the respondents. Some limitations may also have arisen because of the definitions of IC elements adopted by this study. Originality/value This research adds a new dimension to the IC research by exploring the practical application and awareness of IC that deviates from traditional annual report-based disclosure and valuation studies. No existing literature has examined the survey-based awareness study, particularly on the banking industry. This paper provides a foundation for future studies that examine the operational awareness and application of IC in the service industries.

Influence of organizational rewards on organizational commitment and turnover intentions

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Nazir ◽  
Amina Shafi ◽  
Wang Qun ◽  
Nadia Nazir ◽  
Quang Dung Tran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Normative Commitment ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Coworker Support ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organizational Rewards ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between extrinsic, intrinsic and social rewards and two components of organizational commitment and finally Chinese workers turnover intention in public and private sector. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was utilized as the method for data collection. Structural equation modeling was utilized to examine survey data obtained from 202 employees in the southern part of China. Findings – The findings exhibit that extrinsic, social and intrinsic rewards were significantly related to affective and normative commitment. Findings suggest that satisfaction with extrinsic benefits, supervisor support, coworker support, autonomy, training and participation in decision making has substantial impact on employee’s affective and normative commitment. However, affective and normative commitment was negatively related to employee turnover intention. Research limitations/implications – This study covers different public and private-sector organization employees working in China. Therefore other geographical areas could be designated for future research endeavors with a bigger sample size. Practical implications – With the purpose of boosting employee commitment, managers must provide their employees with greater autonomy, appropriate training and participation in decision making in the organization, as well as enhancing supervisor and coworker support. Originality/value – This research investigates how Chinese employees with different categories of organizational rewards react to different kinds of organizational commitment and turnover intention in Chinese organizational context.

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