Influence of micro additives on printing and electric parameters of conductive adhesives for printing electronic applications

Circuit World ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Sitek ◽  
Marek Koscielski
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Conductive Adhesives ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adhesive Compositions ◽  
Powder Addition ◽  
Electric Parameters ◽  
Silver Flakes ◽  
C 50

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of different micro additives to new compositions of electrically conductive adhesives (ECA) on their printing properties as well as electric parameters expressed in resistivity of joints cured in low temperatures and obtain recommendations for elaboration of ECA appropriate for printing electronic applications. Design/methodology/approach – The three different types of silver flakes and two types of micro powders were added to basic matrix of ECA to create ECA composition for investigation. The ECA were printed via stencil on elastic substrate creating the special designed samples which next were cured in 25°C, 50°C or 80°C. The SEM with EDS analysis was utilized for assessment of shapes and sizes of the input materials for ECA. The microscopic observation and resistivity measurements of samples by four-probe method were used for assessment of the influence of ECA compositions on prints quality as well as on electric parameters of adhesives joints. Findings – The results show that the quality of the prints made with the use of elaborated adhesive compositions is related mainly with the amount and type of filler used in ECA. The electrical properties of joints were dependent from type of silver flakes and amount of micro-additives as well as curing temperature. Research limitations/implications – It is suggested that further studies are necessary for the confirmation of the practical application, especially of the mechanical and reliability properties of the joints obtained with the use of final composition of the elaborated ECA. Originality/value – The presented results of analyses provide information regarding the correlation between the composition of ECA, properties of elements creating them and the results of printing and electric parameters of joints produced of them. It showed positive impact of small carbon micro powder addition both on printing results and resistivity of joints. It pointed out also that the purity of silver components of ECA influences significantly on resistivity of ECA's joints. It is valuable information for ECA's designers as well as end-users, from the practical point of view.

Sponsor ownership and IPO initial return: evidence from Pakistan stock exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Mehmood ◽  
Rasidah Mohd-Rashid ◽  
Abd Halim Ahmad ◽  
Saqib Amin
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offering ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Interaction Variable ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Initial Return ◽  
Regulation Changes

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to examine whether or not the sponsor lock-up ratio, lock-up period, regulation changes and interaction variable (oversubscription [OSR]) affected initial public offering (IPO) initial return. Design/methodology/approach A complete sample of 111 listed IPOs in Pakistan stock exchange from 1996 to 2018 was incorporated. Based on the cross-section data, this paper estimated using ordinary least square and quantile least square for robustness. In addition to that, this paper estimated the data using stepwise least square to inspect the signalling aspect of the lock-up ratio, lock-up period and regulation changes on IPO initial return. Findings This study showed that the lock-up ratio, lock-up period and regulatory changes had a positive impact on the IPO’s initial return. Furthermore, the assertion of interaction variable (regulation changes × OSR) and (lock-up period × OSR) was a negatively significant factor in influencing the IPO’s initial return. The results of this paper were robust to endogeneity bias. Practical implications The finding of this study proposed that sponsors of IPOs can be a strong signal of risk or quality, which was consistent with the signalling theory prediction. Concurrently, investors must be aware of the total proportions of lock-up ratio so that they can estimate the chances of getting the highest initial return on IPOs. From the regulators’ point of view, it is suggested that the lock-up ratio and the lock-up period should be determined with a deeper understanding and incorporated into the equity guidelines as it is evident that these factors are priced by the market. Originality/value Studies on the effect of sponsors have always been centred on well-recognized firms. Therefore, using the IPO samples listed in Pakistan, this paper contributes to the IPO literature by investigating the lock-up ratio of the sponsor, the lock-up period and the regulatory changes to the initial IPO return. Additionally, OSR has been introduced as an interaction variable among the sponsors’ lock-up period and regulations changes to explain the ongoing IPO initial return phenomenon.

Characterization of nano-enhanced interconnect materials for fine pitch assembly

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Janusz Sitek ◽  
Jing-yu Fan ◽  
Shiwei Ma ◽  
Marek Koscielski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filler Content ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry Measurement ◽  
Conductive Adhesives ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Pitch ◽  
Silver Flakes ◽  
Silver Spheres

Purpose – Multiple fillers are adopted to study the filler influences on electrical and mechanical properties of the conductive adhesives. The performances of the developed nano-enhanced interconnect materials in printing process are also evaluated. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Micron-sized silver flakes are used as the basic fillers, and submicro- and nano-sized silver spheres and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are adopted to obtain conductive adhesives with multiple fillers. Differential scanning calorimetry measurement is carried out to characterize the curing behavior of the samples with different fillers, four-probe method is used to obtain the bulk resistivity, shear test is conducted for adhesive strength, and environmental loading test is also involved. Furthermore, printing trials with different patterns have been carried out. Findings – The electrical resistivity of the adhesives with submicro-sized silver spheres does not monotonically change with the increasing sphere proportion, and there exists an optimized value for the ratio of silver flakes to spheres. Samples with relatively small amount of CNT additives show improved electrical properties, while their mechanical strengths tend to decrease. For the printing application, the adhesives with 18.3 volume% filler content behave much better than those with lower filler content of 6 percent. The presence of the nano-particles makes a slight improvement in the printing results. Research limitations/implications – More detailed printing performance and reliability test of the samples need to be carried out in the future. Originality/value – The conductive adhesives as interconnect materials exhibit some improved properties with optimized bimodal or trimodal fillers. The additive of the nano-fillers affects slightly on the printing quality of the bimodal conductive adhesives.

The effects of the board composition, board size and CEO duality on export performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1374-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulay Ilhan Nas ◽  
Ozan Kalaycioglu
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Board Composition ◽  
Outside Directors ◽  
Board Size ◽  
Ceo Duality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Exporting Firms

Purpose This study aims to understand the antecedents of export performance at the firm level. Building on agency theory but taking into account emerging market settings and institutional differences, the authors investigate how the board composition determines the export competitiveness of the firms operating in an emerging country from the point of view of corporate governance mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach Using data from 221 exporting firms for four years (2007-2010), the authors find that there is a significantly positive relationship between board size and all measures of export performance, while a higher presence of outside directors on the board is negatively associated with export performance, consistently with expectations. The separation of chairman of board of directors and chief executive officer (CEO) positions has significantly positive impact on export performance. On the other hand, the authors find no support for the position that inside director professional representation neither reduce nor increase all measures of export performance of firms. In other words, the convergence with Western practices and consistently with agency theory’s claims is evident for both board size and CEO duality. However, the effects of inside professional and outside directors are no consistent with agency theorists’ expectations. Findings Using data from 221 exporting firms for four years (2007-2010), the authors find that there is a significantly positive relationship between board size and all measures of export performance, while a higher presence of outside directors on the board is a negatively associated with export performance, consistently with expectations. The separation of chairman of board of directors and CEO positions has significantly positive impact on export performance. On the other hand, the authors find no support for the position that inside director professional representation neither reduce nor increase all measures of export performance of firms. In other words, the convergence with Western practices and consistently with agency theory’s claims is evident for both board size and CEO duality. However, the effects of inside professional and outside directors are no consistent with agency theorists’ expectations. Research limitations/implications Export performance is one of the most widely researched areas within international marketing research but least reached topic of management. However, exporting continues to be an important mode of internationalization for multinational companies, especially operating an emerging economy. This study is one of the first studies on the impact of governance factors such as board structure on only export performance rather than overall (firm) performance in light of international management. In other words, the study of the determinants of exports in the context of an emerging economy is an important contribution to the literature, given that our understanding of how the board composition determines the export competitiveness from the point of view of firms operating in an emerging country such as Turkey. Moreover, this research investigates this relationship at objective export performance dimensions using primary data set from listed and non-listed export firms. Practical implications The current study offered in-depth information to multinational companies that aim to gain a competitive exporting advantage in Turkey. Further, the results of this study give managers an opportunity to see the reasons behind the success of the exporting firms from the point of view of corporate governance mechanism. Originality/value In this paper, the authors contribute to this recent stream of research providing evidence on the effects of governance mechanism on the export performance from the point of view of emerging countries. Building on agency theory but taking into account emerging market settings and institutional differences, and international management, the authors provide a new framework that models the linkages between board composition and export performance. This work helps us to gain a deeper understanding of how board dynamics contribute to the internalization of firms. Research in this area has been sparse, although some studies have linked governance with export intensity. In this effort, the authors differentiate from previous studies in several ways.

Quality versus volume of carbon disclosures and carbon reduction targets

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Kumar Saha ◽  
Bipasha Saha ◽  
Tonmoy Choudhury ◽  
Ferry Jie
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Higher Education Funding ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationship between the quality and volume of carbon emission disclosures (CED) in UK higher educational institutions (HEIs), with an emphasis on the impact of the Higher Education Funding Council of England (HEFCE) carbon reduction target on such disclosures.Design/methodology/approachBased on stewardship theory, this study explores the decision usefulness of the CED by HEIs, i.e. whether a larger volume of CED means that it is more useful to readers and stakeholders. A framework was developed to measure the CED quality. The relationships between CED volume and quality were examined using the ordered probit regression model.FindingsCED volume in annual reports and HEFCE carbon reduction target were found to have a significant positive impact on CED quality. There exists a void in research with carbon disclosures by HEIs, an area which has been widely researched with regard to profit-seeking organisations. The study adds to the earlier related studies by its contribution about HEIs to the disclosure literature.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is distinct in investigating the relationship between volume and quality of CED by HEIs. However, the impact of CED would need to be clear to motivate the HEIs to engage in such disclosure. Thus, future studies should investigate the impact of both volume and quality of CED on reputation.Originality/valueThe study recognises that the characteristics of HEIs are distinct from profit-seeking organisations, which have been widely researched in literature. Generalising the research studies on profit-oriented companies for the most publicly funded UK HEIs may mislead any outcome. This study is distinct from the reader’s point of view in exploring whether more CED is more useful in better decision-making.

The impact of employees’ status on incivility, deviant behaviour and job insecurity

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yariv Itzkovich
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Employee Deviance ◽  
Questionnaire Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – Drawing on the exchange model and the multidimensional approach to job insecurity, the purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between perceived incivility and two possible outcomes: job insecurity and employee deviance, while differentiating between two separate groups of targets, namely targets who possess high employment status and targets with low employment status. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected in 2014 in Israel. An on-line questionnaire method was used, through which 648 valid responses were collected and analyzed using structural equational modeling. Findings – H1 and H2 maintained that incivility would have a positive impact on job insecurity and employee deviance. The other three hypotheses maintained that the perception of incivility, as well as the relationship between incivility and both job insecurity and employee deviance, would be stronger for employees working under less favorable employment conditions. The model’s fit indices indicated a good fit, suggesting that all five hypotheses were accepted. Originality/value – This study elaborates on previous studies by showing that incivility can predict job insecurity and employee deviance. Data related to the potential deviant outcomes of incivility are relatively rare. Additionally, the current research framed incivility, which is a micro-level behavior, in a wider context of employment relations. As precarious employment arrangements are on the rise, it is necessary to understand its hidden implications and threats to both employees and organizations. From a methodological point of view, this study introduced a shorter version of Robinson and Bennett’s (1995) workplace deviance scale, which pertains to the authors’ theoretical model.

WIL and business graduate skill transfer to workplace

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Sangwan ◽  
Shalini Garg
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Skill Transfer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Graduates ◽  
Transfer Of Skills ◽  
Skill Gaps ◽  
Work Integrated Learning ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand MBA skill transfer, employability and how work-integrated learning (WIL) can help in ensuring the availability of employable managers after the completion of MBA. India faces a major crisis in terms of finding employable workforce despite its huge population. The paper explores the question of employability. It focuses on how WIL can be used to facilitate transfer of skills, which ultimately leads to a more employable workforce. Design/methodology/approach Existing research was studied to establish linkages between WIL and skill transfer. The existing skill gaps in MBA education, which lead to unemployable business graduates, were also revealed. Findings The literature studied suggests that there is a positive impact of obtaining an MBA degree on the employability of business graduates. However, there is no concrete evidence to show that the impact is big enough to cover the cost and time spent on pursuing the degree. The paper also reveals the various types of WIL modules being followed by some universities to improve skill transfer and to ensure that graduates are work-ready. Research limitations/implications Though the question of employability poses a serious threat to the Indian education as well as the industry, little has been done to assess the ways in which the graduates can be made employable. WIL is also being practiced in a very narrow sense and only by institutes of repute. WIL is being practiced in certain countries and the Indian business schools can use these programmes as a guide. Originality/value The paper studies the question of employability from the point of view of the Indian economy and educational institutions. It draws from the experiences of other countries in trying to include WIL into the degree programme to facilitate skill transfer.

scholarly journals Synthesis and electrical properties of silver nanoplates for electronic applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Xiong ◽  
Zhili Li ◽  
Hui Xie ◽  
Yuzhen Zhao ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Sintering Behavior ◽  
Conductive Adhesives ◽  
Silver Nanoplates ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Silver Flakes

AbstractIn this paper, silver nanoplates of 100 to 500 nm size were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate with N,Ndimethylformamide, using poly(vinylpyrolidone) as a surfactant and ferric chloride as a controlling agent, at 120 to 160 °C for 5 to 24 hours. The influence of the concentration of ferric chloride, the reaction temperature and reaction time on the morphology of the product has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results indicated that the products obtained at the low reaction temperature and short reaction time in the presence of FeCl3 in the reaction solution were in the form of silver nanoplates, whose morphology was mainly triangular and hexagonal. In addition, the size and thickness of the nanoplates increased with increasing of the FeCl3 concentration. At a high reaction temperature and long reaction time, the truncated triangle and hexagonal nanoplates were mainly produced. Furthermore, the sintering behavior of nanoplates was studied and the results showed that sintering of the silver nanoplates started at 180 °C, and a typical sintering behavior was observed at higher temperatures. The incorporation of the silver nanoplates into the polymer matrix with micro-sized silver flakes led to an increase in the matrix resistivity in almost all cases, especially at high fractions and low curing temperatures. The curing temperature had an influence on the resistivity of the conductive adhesives filled with micro-sized silver flakes and silver nanoplates due to sintering of the silver nanoplates.

Investigation on the mechanical and electrical properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNCTs) based isotropic conductive adhesives

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
R. Durairaj ◽  
Lim Seow Pheng ◽  
Liew Jian Ping
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Conductive Adhesives ◽  
Bulk Resistivity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Isotropic Conductive Adhesives ◽  
Silver Flakes ◽  
Multiwall Carbon

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to characterise the electrical and mechanical properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-based isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs). The paper also compares the electrical and mechanical performance of MWCNTs-based ICAs with silver flakes and silver nanoparticles-based ICAs. Design/methodology/approach The ICAs were formulated with dyglycidyl ether bisphenol A epoxy resin and conductive fillers such as silver flakes, silver nanoparticles and MWCNTs. The four-point probe is used to measure the bulk resistivity of the ICAs. Findings The results from the study showed that the percolation threshold of the MWCNTs-based ICAs is 1.5 Wt.%. At 3 Wt.%, the drop in bulk resistivity is lower than the conventional ICAs. The addition of silver nanoparticles increased the overall bulk resistivity of the system. The mechanical properties improved with the introduction of carbon nanotubes into the silver flakes–epoxy system. Practical implications The results from bulk resistivity and mechanical properties of the MWCNTs could help to formulate MWCNTs-based ICAs with optimum weight fraction. Originality/value The paper demonstrates that the addition of MWCNTs to the silver-based ICAs will enhance their mechanical and electrical conductivity. In addition, the optimum weight percentage is also determined, which shows a bulk resistivity value lower along with improved mechanical property with the conventional ICA system.

scholarly journals Consumers’ reactions to unsubstantiated claims about ecological products

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Söderlund ◽  
Jan Mattsson
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
Alternative Facts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Product Claims

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of unsubstantiated claims that a product is “ecological.” Design/methodology/approach A between-subjects experimental design was used in which the absence versus the presence of an (unsubstantiated) ecological claim regarding a product was a manipulated factor. The design comprised four products, representing non-ingestible/ingestible products and familiar/unfamiliar brands. These two aspects were seen as potentially moderating factors with respect to the impact of ecological claims. Findings The results show that ecological product claims boosted beliefs that a product is indeed ecological. This influence was not moderated by non-ingestible/ingestible and familiar/unfamiliar product characteristics. Moreover, ecological product claims enhanced conceptually related product beliefs, namely, beliefs that the product is natural, environmentally friendly and healthy. Ecological claims also had a positive impact on the attitude toward the product. Practical implications The results imply that influencers who want a receiver to believe that a product is ecological can expect to be successful by merely claiming that a product is ecological. Social implications From a societal point of view, however, and in an era in which “alternative facts” and “post-truths” are becoming the subject of increasing concern, the results are problematic, because they underline that customers can be made to believe in claims even though no supporting evidence is provided. Originality/value The results imply that influencers who want a receiver to believe that a product is ecological can expect to be successful by merely claiming that a product is ecological. From a societal point of view, however, and in an era in which “alternative facts” and “post-truths” are becoming the subject of increasing concern, the results are problematic, because they underline that customers can be made to believe in claims even though no supporting evidence is provided.

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT THE LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECT DUE TO THE USING OF LOW-SPEED INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES, BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE TOWN OF SERPUKHOV

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Olga Leptiukhova ◽  
Marija Utkina
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Complex Criterion ◽  
Electric Bicycle

For more than half a century bicycle transport demonstrates its effectiveness as one of the elements of the transport network of the city. Currently, vehicles with low-power motors such as electric bicycle, electric scooter, gyrometer, segway, wheelbarrow, scooter motor and others are gaining people's attention. These vehicles can be combined into a group of low-speed individual vehicles (hereinafter - NITS) with similar re-quirements for the operational parameters of urban infrastructure. From the urban point of view, the interest in NITC is that the number of its users has increased significantly in recent years. The article presents the results of a sociological survey of residents of Serpukhov, allowing to assess the current and potential readi-ness of the population to use NITC. The growing popularity of NITC has led to an increase in the environmen-tal and economic effect, which is manifested at a particular level of development of the movement on NITC. The ecological and economic effect of the use of NITC has an extremely positive impact on the improvement of the urban environment. This article provides a list of indicators that reflect the growth in the standards of living of society from movement by the NITC, and the calculation of one of them - the increase in entrepre-neurial activity on the streets with increased traffic to the NITC. Indicators are necessary for calculation of complex criterion of efficiency and safety of street network due to development of the movement by NITC. The result will allow public authorities authorized to make decisions on the strategy of transport policy of cities to quantify the ratio of economic benefits from the development of infrastructure of the NITC with the cost of its construction and operation.

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