Regional disparity and economic linkage in the Greater Mekong Sub-region

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Nozaki
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Regional Disparity ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose – The Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) is noted as an investment destination recently. However, there are few surveys about this region. In particular, direction of the regional disparity and economic linkage cannot be found, although it is inevitable to formulate economic or business policies. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – First, the author calculated the regional GINI coefficient of the GMS, converting the per capita GDP using the purchasing power parity. Then, the trend of intra-regional trade was calculated by using the data of Direction of Trade Statistics of IMF. In addition to that, to consider the trade structures, bilateral trades of Thailand with Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar were analyzed. Findings – This paper made clear that the regional disparity of the GMS has been gradually shrinking from serious level to moderate in recent years, although it is still larger than the disparity of ASEAN original members. Two Chinese districts and Vietnam played an important role to improve the disparity. As for the intra-regional trade, it used to be very poor in the early 1990s, but is increasing in these years. There may be some signs of starting of the intra-industrial trade between Thailand and Vietnam, although trades with lower developed countries such as Laos and Myanmar are led by natural resources-related products. Originality/value – This paper is the first survey to calculate the regional disparity of the GMS with time series data. The analysis of the intra-trade among the GMS members expresses the current situation of the economic linkage of this area.

scholarly journals Poverty in Pakistan: Increasing Incidence, Chronic Gender Preponderance, and the Plausibility of Grameen-type Intermediation

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (4II) ◽  
pp. 873-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabeel A. Goheer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
National Income ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Large Country ◽  
Per Capita

Pakistan is a large country with a population estimated at 130.580 million.1 The economy has a low-income of US$ 490 per capita, with an estimated Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of US$ 2230.2 It has managed to achieve substantial economic growth in the past thirty years until the dawn of 1990s. The growth rate has averaged 6.8 percent, 4.8 percent and 6.5 percent in 1960s, 70s and 80s, respectively.3 Evidence from the National Income Accounts, Household Surveys and time series data on the real wages of unskilled workers shows that economic growth has contributed to reduce consumption poverty4 in Pakistan. The table placed as Appendix A at the end shows that GDP per capita has increased in real terms by about 63 percent between 1972-73 and 1990-91. Private consumption per capita also increased in real terms by about 36 percent. Despite the fact that the population has nearly doubled during the period, there have been gains in income and consumption in per capita terms.

Testing the monthly anomaly with stochastic dominance

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-Chu Ke ◽  
Jian-Hsin Chou ◽  
Chin-Shan Hsieh ◽  
Tsung-Li Chi ◽  
Cheng-Te Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Dominance ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Financial Time Series ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Taiwan Stock Exchange ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
Tax Loss

Purpose – This study uses stochastic dominance (SD) theory to examine whether the traditional festival, such as the Spring Festival (often in February), affects the patterns of monthly anomaly for the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE). The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ a new bootstrap-based test due to Linton, Maasoumi and Whang (hereafter LMW). The LMW test is well suited for financial time series data, such as monthly returns of various portfolios in this study, because it allows for general dependence among the prospects (distributions) and does not require the observations to be identically and independently distributed. Findings – The particular findings of this study are that the February effect and the February-size effect indeed exist in the TWSE. Furthermore, allowing part of investors' assets is invested in the risky asset and the remaining part in a risk-free asset, first finding for monthly anomaly in the extant literature, is useful in distinguishing the performance among various size-month portfolios. Originality/value – Instead of tax-loss and window dressing hypothesis, the Spring Festival money movement hypothesis can be used to well explain the findings.

scholarly journals Emisi Karbon dan Produk Domestik Bruto: Investigasi Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) pada Negara Berpendapatan Menengah di Kawasan ASEAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-246
Author(s):  
Muhamad Ameer Noor ◽  
Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Per Capita

Policymakers in the world are concerned with carbon emission due to the risk of global warming. Many studies on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) consider carbon emission as a proxy of environmental degradation. This study aimed to investigate the existence of EKC and identify variations of relationships between carbon emissions and GDP per capita in ASEAN middle-income countries. The study was conducted on Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia based on 1971-2014 time series data using a simultaneous model (2SLS) for each country. The main variables studied were GDP per capita, square of GDP per capita, and carbon emission supported by other variables as the controlling variables. Validation on EKC existence was determined by GDP and GDP squared influence on carbon emission, while variations of relationship between GDP and carbon emission were based on the result of simultaneous regressions. The results showed that the existence of the EKC could not be validated in all countries because energy and transportation policies in each country failed to reduce the emission. On the other hand, carbon emission had a positive unidirectional influence on GDP in all countries. The effect of carbon emission coefficient to GDP showed that Thailand ranked the highest in CO2 efficiency, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia. This study recommended that carbon emission reduction policies in the four countries should focus more to easier access to environmentally friendly technology from developed countries for ensuring trade-offs between the economy and environment.

China’s FDI inflow into Ethiopia; Does it have relation with bilateral trade?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Woldekidan Azmete ◽  
Kahsay Gerezihar Tsaedu
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Trade Partner ◽  
Integration Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze if a bilateral trade between two countries leads to a foreign direct investment (FDI) using a time series data spanning over the period 2000–2017. Design/methodology/approach The Engle-Granger method of co-integration analysis is applied to the data to estimate if China’s export to Ethiopia led to an inflow of FDI from China to Ethiopia over the long run. Findings The results indicated that bilateral trade (import from China) is a major determinant of Chinese FDI inflow to Ethiopia over the study period. Originality/value A number of studies have been conducted on the determinants of FDI in Ethiopia using time series data at different points of time. However, none of them tried to analyze what attracts FDI from an individual country. Accordingly, this study has concentrated on FDI from China and its relation with bilateral trade between China and Ethiopia as China is the number one FDI source and trade partner of Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Negative equity in Ireland: estimates using loan-level data

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Duffy ◽  
Niall O’Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Equity Analysis ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Younger Age

Purpose – This paper aims to, using a unique loan-level data set, show the extent to which negative equity in Ireland is concentrated in younger age groups. The sharp decline in house prices since 2007 has led to the emergence of widespread negative equity in Ireland. However, little is known about the type of borrower experiencing negative equity. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a unique data set that, for a large sample of mortgages, provides details on both the characteristics of the borrowers and their mortgages. Using this data set, the paper estimates the incidence of negative equity by analysing loans taken out to purchase a primary residence in the period 2005-2012. Findings – The analysis finds the situation in Ireland to be much more severe than that being experienced in other housing market downturns at present, with 64 per cent of borrowers in the period 2005-2012 experiencing negative equity. Analysis by age gives rise to concern, with the majority of those in negative equity aged under 40 years. The paper also points to the large wealth loss experienced by Irish households, in the order of 43 billion, as a result of the fall in property values. Originality/value – The paper is one of the first using loan-level time-series data in Ireland. It highlights the growth in negative equity during the crisis and the extent to which it is concentrated in the younger age groups. It also provides an estimate of the loss in wealth suffered by all households due to the fall in Irish house prices.

An econometric study of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth of Pakistan

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matloub Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Javaid ◽  
Paul R. Drake
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship among environmental pollution, economic growth and energy consumption per capita in the case of Pakistan. The per capital carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is used as the environmental indicator, the commercial energy use per capita as the energy consumption indicator, and the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the economic indicator.Design/methodology/approachThe investigation is made on the basis of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), using time series data from 1971 to 2006, by applying different econometric tools like ADF Unit Root Johansen Co‐integration VECM and Granger causality tests.FindingsThe Granger causality test shows that there is a long term relationship between these three indicators, with bidirectional causality between per capita CO2 emission and per capita energy consumption. A monotonically increasing curve between GDP and CO2 emission has been found for the sample period, rejecting the EKC relationship, implying that as per capita GDP increases a linear increase will be observed in per capita CO2 emission.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should replace the economic growth variable, i.e. GDP by industrial growth variable because industrial sector is major contributor of pollution by emitting CO2.Practical implicationsThe empirical findings will help the policy makers of Pakistan in understanding the severity of the CO2 emissions issue and in developing new standards and monitoring networks for reducing CO2 emissions.Originality/valueEnergy consumption is the major cause of environmental pollution in Pakistan but no substantial work has been done in this regard with reference to Pakistan.

scholarly journals VIEJAS PREGUNTAS, ¿VIEJAS RESPUESTAS?: ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES EN TORNO A LA CONVERGENCIA

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Bértola
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Economic Paradigm ◽  
Factor Markets ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capital Humano

A partir de una presentación del desempeño de las economías de Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay en relación a un núcleo de economías desarrolladas en 1870-1990, este trabajo se concentra en explicar el cambio desde una posición de relativamente buen desempeño de las economías rioplatenses hasta principios del Siglo XX, hacia un proceso de progresiva divergencia. El abordaje enfatiza el estudio del crecimiento de la productividad de las economías agro-exportadoras en relación a los cambios tecnológicos e institucionales producidos a lo largo de toda la cadena de producción y comercialización nacional e internacional. Igualmente se refiere a las características de los mercados de factores para la determinación de patrones de distribución del ingreso, que afectan niveles relativos del PBI per capita y de los salarios en términos de paridad de poder de compra. Las determinantes de un buen desempeño hasta la década de 1910 parecen revertirse entre 1910-1930, de la mano de cambios profundos en los paradigmas tecno-económicos y de fuertes cambios socio-institucionales en las economías desarrolladas. Parece agotarse una modalidad de inserción internacional basada en el uso intensivo de factores naturales combinados con la revolución de los transportes terrestres y marítimos, a la vez que la herencia en términos de formación de capital humano dejada por el modelo agro-exportador augura muy fuertes dificultades para insertarse en los nuevos patrones de competencia internacional. Abstract On the basis of an overview of Argentine, Brazilian and Uruguayan growth in 1870-1990 and in relation to a core of developed countries, this paper focuses on the transition which Argentina and Uruguay went through, from a high relative performance to a process of cumulative divergence. The approach emphasizes the role of productivity growth in the agrarian export sector, as related to technological and institutional changes along the whole national and international productive and commerce chain. The paper also refers to the features of factor markets in shaping the pattern of income distribution, and on real per capita GDP and purchasing power parity real wage levels. The underlying forces of the relatively successful performance until the 1910s seem to have experienced a reversal in 1910-1930, together with deep changes in the techno-economic paradigm as well as in the socio-institutional environment in the developed economies. The pattern of foreign trade, based on an intensive use of natural resources combined with the benefits of the transport revolution, both terrestrial and maritime, seemed to have come to n end. The heritage of the agrarian export-led growth in terms of poor human capital formation, anticipates the difficulties which those economies should face in relation to the emerging patterns of international competition.

scholarly journals Participation of women in science in the developed and developing worlds: inverted U of feminization of the scientific workforce, gender equity and retention

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobhana Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Scientific Workforce

Abstract We consider various factors impacting the participation of women in science throughout the world, with a particular emphasis on developing countries. For the world as a whole, we find that when the percentage of women working in science in a country is plotted vs. the per capita GDP of the country (adjusted for purchasing power parity) the data fall on an inverted U-shaped ‘boomerang’ curve. Thus, as per capita wealth increases, the percentage of women in science first increases and then falls. This is in marked contrast to the (right-side-up) U-shaped curve that is well-established for the participation of women in the labor force as a whole, suggesting that there are factors in the culture of science that result in opposing trends to those observed in the general workforce. This also results in many developing countries having a much higher participation of women in the scientific workforce than is seen in economically developed countries. Contradicting previous reports to the contrary, we find a positive correlation between gender equality in science and the degree of overall gender equity in the country. Thus, we do not find evidence for the claim that greater gender equity results in the manifestation of innate gender differences in preferences for science. We find differing patterns of retention in science for women in developing and developed countries. We also briefly discuss other factors that make it difficult for women in developing countries to follow a scientific career, or to advance in their careers.

scholarly journals Purchasing power parity in GIIPS countries: evidence from unit root tests with breaks and non-linearity

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saban Nazlioglu ◽  
Mehmet Altuntas ◽  
Emre Kilic ◽  
Ilhan Kucukkkaplan
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Unit Root Tests ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Linear Framework

Purpose This paper aims to test purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis for Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, which are known as the GIIPS countries. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct a comprehensive analysis by using unit root approaches without and with structural breaks and non-linearity. Findings The PPP is valid for the GIIPS countries. Considering structural breaks in non-linear framework plays a crucial role. Originality/value There is no empirical study testing PPP hypothesis by focusing on the GIIPS countries. This study further takes into account for structural breaks and non-linearity in the real exchange rates of these countries.

Analysing Convergence with a Multi-Country Computable General Equilibrium Model: PPP versus Mer

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 901-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Dixon ◽  
Maureen T. Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Cge Models ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technology Gaps ◽  
Per Capita

In studies of the greenhouse gas implications of convergence by developing countries to the per-capita GNPs of developed countries, considerable discussion has centred on whether purchasing power parity (PPP) or market exchange rates (MER) should be used in measuring per-capita GNPs. We suggest that technology gaps between developing and developed countries should be the starting point for convergence analysis rather than per-capita GNP gaps. We estimate two sets of initial technology gaps, using PPP and MER price assumptions combined with input-output data. In simulating the effects of closing technology gaps (convergence) using a dynamic, multi-country CGE model, we find: the MER/PPP distinction matters. MER-based estimates of initial technology gaps lead to higher estimates of convergence-induced growth in greenhouse-gas-emitting industries in developing countries than do PPP-based estimates. the industry detail in CGE models is valuable. Our simulations show a wide range of convergence-induced changes in output across industries.

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