scholarly journals Participation of women in science in the developed and developing worlds: inverted U of feminization of the scientific workforce, gender equity and retention

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobhana Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Scientific Workforce

Abstract We consider various factors impacting the participation of women in science throughout the world, with a particular emphasis on developing countries. For the world as a whole, we find that when the percentage of women working in science in a country is plotted vs. the per capita GDP of the country (adjusted for purchasing power parity) the data fall on an inverted U-shaped ‘boomerang’ curve. Thus, as per capita wealth increases, the percentage of women in science first increases and then falls. This is in marked contrast to the (right-side-up) U-shaped curve that is well-established for the participation of women in the labor force as a whole, suggesting that there are factors in the culture of science that result in opposing trends to those observed in the general workforce. This also results in many developing countries having a much higher participation of women in the scientific workforce than is seen in economically developed countries. Contradicting previous reports to the contrary, we find a positive correlation between gender equality in science and the degree of overall gender equity in the country. Thus, we do not find evidence for the claim that greater gender equity results in the manifestation of innate gender differences in preferences for science. We find differing patterns of retention in science for women in developing and developed countries. We also briefly discuss other factors that make it difficult for women in developing countries to follow a scientific career, or to advance in their careers.

Analysing Convergence with a Multi-Country Computable General Equilibrium Model: PPP versus Mer

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 901-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Dixon ◽  
Maureen T. Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Cge Models ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technology Gaps ◽  
Per Capita

In studies of the greenhouse gas implications of convergence by developing countries to the per-capita GNPs of developed countries, considerable discussion has centred on whether purchasing power parity (PPP) or market exchange rates (MER) should be used in measuring per-capita GNPs. We suggest that technology gaps between developing and developed countries should be the starting point for convergence analysis rather than per-capita GNP gaps. We estimate two sets of initial technology gaps, using PPP and MER price assumptions combined with input-output data. In simulating the effects of closing technology gaps (convergence) using a dynamic, multi-country CGE model, we find: the MER/PPP distinction matters. MER-based estimates of initial technology gaps lead to higher estimates of convergence-induced growth in greenhouse-gas-emitting industries in developing countries than do PPP-based estimates. the industry detail in CGE models is valuable. Our simulations show a wide range of convergence-induced changes in output across industries.

scholarly journals VIEJAS PREGUNTAS, ¿VIEJAS RESPUESTAS?: ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES EN TORNO A LA CONVERGENCIA

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Bértola
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Economic Paradigm ◽  
Factor Markets ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capital Humano

A partir de una presentación del desempeño de las economías de Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay en relación a un núcleo de economías desarrolladas en 1870-1990, este trabajo se concentra en explicar el cambio desde una posición de relativamente buen desempeño de las economías rioplatenses hasta principios del Siglo XX, hacia un proceso de progresiva divergencia. El abordaje enfatiza el estudio del crecimiento de la productividad de las economías agro-exportadoras en relación a los cambios tecnológicos e institucionales producidos a lo largo de toda la cadena de producción y comercialización nacional e internacional. Igualmente se refiere a las características de los mercados de factores para la determinación de patrones de distribución del ingreso, que afectan niveles relativos del PBI per capita y de los salarios en términos de paridad de poder de compra. Las determinantes de un buen desempeño hasta la década de 1910 parecen revertirse entre 1910-1930, de la mano de cambios profundos en los paradigmas tecno-económicos y de fuertes cambios socio-institucionales en las economías desarrolladas. Parece agotarse una modalidad de inserción internacional basada en el uso intensivo de factores naturales combinados con la revolución de los transportes terrestres y marítimos, a la vez que la herencia en términos de formación de capital humano dejada por el modelo agro-exportador augura muy fuertes dificultades para insertarse en los nuevos patrones de competencia internacional. Abstract On the basis of an overview of Argentine, Brazilian and Uruguayan growth in 1870-1990 and in relation to a core of developed countries, this paper focuses on the transition which Argentina and Uruguay went through, from a high relative performance to a process of cumulative divergence. The approach emphasizes the role of productivity growth in the agrarian export sector, as related to technological and institutional changes along the whole national and international productive and commerce chain. The paper also refers to the features of factor markets in shaping the pattern of income distribution, and on real per capita GDP and purchasing power parity real wage levels. The underlying forces of the relatively successful performance until the 1910s seem to have experienced a reversal in 1910-1930, together with deep changes in the techno-economic paradigm as well as in the socio-institutional environment in the developed economies. The pattern of foreign trade, based on an intensive use of natural resources combined with the benefits of the transport revolution, both terrestrial and maritime, seemed to have come to n end. The heritage of the agrarian export-led growth in terms of poor human capital formation, anticipates the difficulties which those economies should face in relation to the emerging patterns of international competition.

The Technological Dependence of Developing Countries

1974 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra J. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Population ◽  
Average Income ◽  
The World ◽  
World Income ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Third World

In less than two centuries the process of industrialisation has spread from a tiny triangle in Britain to nearly 25 per cent of the world population. But it has so far largely by-passed the Third World, including China and socialist East Asia, and the southern periphery of Europe from Portugal to Bulgaria. These developing countries account for almost 75 per cent of the world population, but for only 20 per cent of the world income. On the other hand, the developed countries, with only 25 per cent of the population, have an average income per capita about ten times as high, and account for as much as 80 per cent of the real world output.

Analysis of regional disparities in the Slovak Republic by examining selected indicators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Maroš ◽  
Jarmila Hudáková ◽  
Michal Levický
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

Regional disparities are typical for many countries of the world, as well as for the Slovak Republic. Increasing regional disparities is not in the interest of any country, and is, therefore, a constantly monitored issue. The aim of this article is to analyze the development of regional differences in the Slovak Republic through selected indicators. We performed the analysis at the level of the NUTS III category in the years 1995 to 2018. As selected indicators, we have chosen the development of regional GDP per capita in euros and in purchasing power parity. Several methods can be used to examine the evolution of regional differences. We mainly used the characteristics of variability and also the average growth rate, with which we tried to identify changes in regional differences over time. We found that in the observed period, the differences between the regions of Slovakia increased overall, but the increase in differences prevailed mainly in the pre-crisis years. In recent years, we have seen a slight convergence between the regions. The government in each country always tries to put in place different measures to address this issue, but it does not always succeed. Given the current world situation associated with COVID-19, it is very difficult to predict developments in the coming years.

scholarly journals Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Goodchild ◽  
Nigar Nargis ◽  
Edouard Tursan d'Espaignet
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic

BackgroundThe detrimental impact of smoking on health has been widely documented since the 1960s. Numerous studies have also quantified the economic cost that smoking imposes on society. However, these studies have mostly been in high income countries, with limited documentation from developing countries. The aim of this paper is to measure the economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases in countries throughout the world, including in low- and middle-income settings.MethodsThe Cost of Illness approach is used to estimate the economic cost of smoking attributable-diseases in 2012. Under this approach, economic costs are defined as either ‘direct costs' such as hospital fees or ‘indirect costs’ representing the productivity loss from morbidity and mortality. The same method was applied to 152 countries, which had all the necessary data, representing 97% of the world's smokers.FindingsThe amount of healthcare expenditure due to smoking-attributable diseases totalled purchasing power parity (PPP) $467 billion (US$422 billion) in 2012, or 5.7% of global health expenditure. The total economic cost of smoking (from health expenditures and productivity losses together) totalled PPP $1852 billion (US$1436 billion) in 2012, equivalent in magnitude to 1.8% of the world's annual gross domestic product (GDP). Almost 40% of this cost occurred in developing countries, highlighting the substantial burden these countries suffer.ConclusionsSmoking imposes a heavy economic burden throughout the world, particularly in Europe and North America, where the tobacco epidemic is most advanced. These findings highlight the urgent need for countries to implement stronger tobacco control measures to address these costs.

scholarly journals Perspectiva de la población mundial / Outlook for the World Population

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Víctor L. Urquidi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
World Population ◽  
Population Forecasts ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
And Migration

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de las proyecciones de la población de los países que en 2003 contaban con más de 10 millones de habitantes, adscritos en tres grupos de países según niveles del PIB per cápita en 2001: países desarrollados, países en transición y países en vías de desarrollo. En el caso de estos últimos, se forman dos subgrupos: los de nivel medio y los de nivel bajo. Se hace referencia a algunos  volúmenes de población y al comportamiento de la tasa de crecimiento de la población, de la fecundidad y de la migración. En cuanto a los países en vías de desarrollo, el énfasis se pone, además de los volúmenes poblacionales, en las heterogeneidades en los niveles de la fecundidad, migración y mortalidad. Con base en este recuento, se duda que se cumplan las metas sobre la estabilización de la población hacia el 2050 o 2060 y se llama la atención acerca de la necesidad de vincular las esferas demográficas con las económicas, sociales y financieras. AbstractThis paper presents the results of the population forecasts for countries that in 2003 had over 10 million inhabitants, divided into three groups according to GDP per capita levels in 2001: developed countries, countries in transition and developing countries. The latter includes two sub-groups: those of the medium and low level. Reference is made to certain volumes of population and the behavior of the population growth rate, fertility and migration. In developing countries, emphasis is placed on population volumes and the heterogeneity of fertility, migration and mortality levels. On the basis of this review, the author doubts that the goals for stabilizing the population between 2050 and 2060 will be met and stresses the need to link demographic spheres to the economic, social and financial spheres.

BRICS and emerging economies

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-60
Author(s):  
P. B. Anand ◽  
Flavio Comim ◽  
Shailaja Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Wealth Inequalities

The aim of this chapter is a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of the emergence of BRICS. We begin with an examination of the emergence of BRICS showing that BRICS have been members of the top fifteen largest economies in the world since 1960. In purchasing power parity terms, by 2015, BRICS equalled G7 countries in terms of share of global output. Various possible explanatory factors of their growth are examined. Though BRICS account for nearly half of global output growth, in terms of real per capita income they still have a long way to go. There are many challenges to BRICS in terms of levels of income and wealth inequalities, the educational inequalities as measured in terms of education-Gini, and the quality of their infrastructure, notwithstanding that the massive investment being made remains inadequate. The chapter ends with an analysis of global governance issues and four possible future scenarios for BRICS.

Regional disparity and economic linkage in the Greater Mekong Sub-region

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Nozaki
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Regional Disparity ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose – The Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) is noted as an investment destination recently. However, there are few surveys about this region. In particular, direction of the regional disparity and economic linkage cannot be found, although it is inevitable to formulate economic or business policies. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – First, the author calculated the regional GINI coefficient of the GMS, converting the per capita GDP using the purchasing power parity. Then, the trend of intra-regional trade was calculated by using the data of Direction of Trade Statistics of IMF. In addition to that, to consider the trade structures, bilateral trades of Thailand with Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar were analyzed. Findings – This paper made clear that the regional disparity of the GMS has been gradually shrinking from serious level to moderate in recent years, although it is still larger than the disparity of ASEAN original members. Two Chinese districts and Vietnam played an important role to improve the disparity. As for the intra-regional trade, it used to be very poor in the early 1990s, but is increasing in these years. There may be some signs of starting of the intra-industrial trade between Thailand and Vietnam, although trades with lower developed countries such as Laos and Myanmar are led by natural resources-related products. Originality/value – This paper is the first survey to calculate the regional disparity of the GMS with time series data. The analysis of the intra-trade among the GMS members expresses the current situation of the economic linkage of this area.

scholarly journals The Existence of Long-Run PPP: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Sulistiadi Dono Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Error Correction Model ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Conflicting Result ◽  
Long Run ◽  
One Step

McNown & Wallace (1989) argued that PPP will tend to holds in less developed countries due to the domination of nominal factors in the economy. In this study we try to investigate the existence of long-run PPP in eight countries consisting four developed and developing countries. Here we show that there is a strong evidence that long-run PPP holds for Germany, United Kingdom, and Chile. Furthermore, the additional tests also show that symmetry and proportionality conditions seem to hold in the three economies. As for other five economies, long-run PPP seems to be absence. Although one step general Error Correction Model and Johansen-Juselius cointegration procedure generates conflicting result, the result of both technique do not show a tendency for PPP to hold in developing countries thus rejecting argument proposed by McNown and Wallace. AbstrakMcNown & Wallace (1989) mengemukakan argumen bahwa PPP akan cenderung berlaku di negara-negara yang belum maju disebabkan adanya dominasi faktor nominal dalam perekonomian. Dalam penelitian ini kami mencoba untuk menyelidiki keberadaan dari long-run PPP di delapan negara yang terdiri dari empat negara maju dan berkembang. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan adanya bukti kuat bahwa long-run PPP berlaku pada Jerman, Inggris, dan Cile. Hasil, tes lanjutan juga menunjukkan bahwa kondisi simetri dan proporsionalitas nampak bertahan di tiga negara tersebut. Sedangkan untuk lima negara lainnya, long-run PPP tidak nampak keberadaannya. Meskipun hasil pada one step Error Correction Model (ECM) dan Johansen-Juselius cointegration procedure menghasilkan hasil yang bertentangan, namun hasil dari kedua metode tersebut konsisten tidak menunjukkan kecenderungan akan eksistensi PPP di negara berkembang.Kata kunci: Purchasing Power Parity; Tes Kointegrasi; Negara Berkembang; Negara MajuJEL classifications: F31; F4

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 303-318
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
Per Capita

This concluding chapter discusses how most countries around the world have experienced significant increases in per capita income and improvements in human development during the last two centuries. For instance, GDP per capita in the area within Turkey's current borders has increased approximately fifteenfold since 1820. While Turkey did slightly better than the averages for the developing countries, the gap with developed countries widened significantly. The most basic reason for this pattern was the relatively rapid industrialization in Western Europe and North America, while Turkey as well as other developing countries stayed mostly with agriculture. The most important proximate cause of the large divergence in per capita incomes between Western Europe and much of the rest of the world was the very different rates of adoption of the new technologies of the Industrial Revolution.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document