Social-moral awareness and theory of mind in adult offenders who have intellectual disabilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hammond ◽  
Nigel Beail
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Moral Awareness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose There has been little empirical investigation into the theoretical relationship between moral reasoning and offending in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). The purpose of this paper is to compare offending and non-offending ID groups on a new measure of social-moral awareness, and on theory of mind (ToM). Design/methodology/approach A between groups design was used. The scores of 21 male offenders and 21 male non-offenders, all with ID and matched for IQ, were compared on the Social-Moral Awareness Test (SMAT) and on two ToM tasks. Findings There was no significant difference in SMAT scores or on first- or second-order ToM tasks between offending and non-offending groups. Better ToM performance significantly predicted higher SMAT scores and non-offending groups. Better ToM performance significantly predicted higher SMAT scores. Research limitations/implications Results were inconsistent with previous research. Further work is required to establish the validity and theoretical underpinnings of the SMAT. Development in the measurement of ToM for people with ID is also required. Originality/value This is the first use of the SMAT with a population of offenders who have ID. The findings suggest caution in its use in clinical settings.

A systematic review of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with people with intellectual disabilities: an unsafe gap in the literature

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Crompton ◽  
Bethany Duncan ◽  
Graham Simpson-Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to systematically review the available evidence that explores adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in people with intellectual disabilities (PwID). It is important to systematically review this literature as, to date, there is little known about the number of studies in this area, despite the World Health Organization declaring ACE prevention and support as a global public health priority. Design/methodology/approach Published studies were identified from electronic database searches. Key journals and reference lists were also hand searched. Findings Two studies met the inclusion criteria and the prevalence and frequency of ACEs experienced by participants of these studies analysed. Overall, due to the small number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria, it is difficult to establish any meaningful conclusions. Originality/value This appears to be the first systematic review to try and identify a research base looking at the prevalence of ACEs within a PwID population. Findings suggest that this is a highly neglected area of research, and the authors hope to have identified that further evidence is required to draw clearer conclusions about the impact of ACEs on PwID.

Commentary on “A family’s battle to understand ‘challenging behaviour’”

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Joann Kiernan
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on issues raised in the paper “A family’s battle to understand ‘challenging behaviour’”. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on literature associated with issues identified in the paper this commentary will reflect on the evidence associated with providing specialist support to people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour. Findings Families, individuals and services are unable to access timely and appropriate specialist support for individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour. As individuals go on to develop behaviours associated with a lack of intervention their levels of vulnerability increase due to their exclusion from services and their local communities. Originality/value The commentary provides a discussion on the issues faced by individuals and their families in relation to intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour.

Enhancing clinical practice: reducing health inequalities – reflections on a clinical education and training partnership

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 342-348
Author(s):  
Karina Marshall-Tate
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
And Training

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline a two-year project designed to reduce health inequalities and improve health outcomes of people with intellectual disabilities using health services in South London by raising awareness and increasing health staff confidence and capability. Design/methodology/approach The project was conducted in two stages. In stage 1, a mapping exercise was undertaken to establish existing intellectual disabilities education and training availability. In stage 2, a network of stakeholders was formed and education and training materials were developed and delivered. Findings A formal evaluation of the project is underway and this paper seeks to share information about the project. That said prima facie data appear to indicate that health staff who attended education and training events learned new knowledge and skills that they could implement in their practice, increasing confidence and capability. Research limitations/implications Health staff who attended the events appeared to have an interest in intellectual disabilities and wanted to increase their knowledge and skills base. This means that there is a significant group of health staff that the project was unable to reach or who may not know that they need to know about intellectual disabilities. The results of the project have not yet been formally analysed. Practical implications Work-based education and training events can have a positive impact on health staff capability and confidence, however, it would appear that only those who already have an interest in the field or recognise its value to their own practice attend such events. To truly capture all health staff intellectual disabilities needs to be visibly included in all health curricula. Originality/value This project has not focussed on one profession or one aspect of healthcare and has embraced the values of inter professional and inter agency learning; this has enabled health staff to learn from each other and think in a “joined up” way replicating the realities of providing healthcare to people with intellectual disabilities.

Football teams for people with intellectual disabilities living in the community: “it helps your self-esteem and that, don’t it?”

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose White ◽  
Katherine Lister ◽  
Kristian Northend ◽  
Stephen Moore ◽  
Kelly Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Football Training

Purpose People with intellectual disabilities (ID) can be vulnerable to developing mental health problems. It has been found that participating in regular exercise can help to improve emotional well-being, both in typically developing people and those with ID. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the experiences of community clients with ID who have engaged in a football training programme, and the perceived impacts on attitudes, mood and behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Interviews with seven patients from generic or forensic community ID services were conducted. The transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings Two master themes were identified from the interviews, “Striving” and “Togetherness”. Originality/value The most important factors related to taking part in the football programme were the social, emotional and personal growth associated with being part of a team and general enjoyment of being part of something. Although aspects of football knowledge and physical fitness were still evident, their impact seemed to be less significant. The experience of football was overwhelmingly positive.

On the Use of Speech Technologies to Achieve Inclusive Education for People with Intellectual Disabilities

2013 ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
Ana Pérez Pérez ◽  
Zoraida Callejas Carrión ◽  
Ramón López-Cózar Delgado ◽  
David Griol Barres
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Integration ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Speech And Language Disorders

New technologies have demonstrated a great potential to improve the social, labour, and educational integration of people with special needs. That is why there is a special interest of academia and industry to develop tools to assist this people, improving their autonomy and quality of life. Usually, intellectual disabilities are linked with speech and language disorders. In this chapter, the authors present a review on the efforts directed towards designing and developing speech technologies adapted to people with intellectual disabilities. Also, they describe the work they have conducted to study how to gather speech resources, which can be used to build speech-based systems that help them to communicate more effectively.

“When other people try to understand”: exploring the experiences of people with intellectual disabilities, who also have mental health problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Sasha Martine Mattock ◽  
Kieron Beard ◽  
Amy Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Services ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The People ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose Recent guidelines from the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence highlight that service users (SUs) with intellectual disabilities and co-occurring mental health problems rarely get the opportunity to share their experiences of mental health services. Over the past 20 years, policy documents have stated that these individuals (SUs) must be included in decisions about their care. Research suggests that often this is not the case. Therefore, this paper aims to create a space for SUs to share their experiences of mental health services, and what they found helpful. Design/methodology/approach A focus group was held with five SUs, two psychologists and two researchers. The audio recording of the discussion was transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings Three main themes were identified, namely, “relationships with others”, “inclusion and communication” and “challenges”. This focus group highlighted that although some SUs felt supported, they reported having little control in their lives and wanted to be listened to. Research limitations/implications Including a SU in the planning and facilitation of the focus group would have made this research more inclusive. Practical implications The implications of this research suggest that by listening to and involving SUs and developing more person-centred services, recovery rates may increase as the services provided would be more targeted. Originality/value Very little research has previously been conducted to explore SUs’ experiences. This paper highlights the value of being heard and the knowledge that is often lost if the authors do not take the time to listen to the people for whom a service is designed.

scholarly journals Exploring coping strategies of carers looking after people with intellectual disabilities and dementia

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 292-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhathika D. Perera ◽  
Penny J. Standen
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Narrative Strategy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose – Carers play a vital role in looking after people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Caring role can be stressful and challenging in nature. Carers use various coping strategies to deal with stressors. The purpose of this paper is to explore coping strategies of carers looking after people with ID and dementia. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative methodology was used to explore coping strategies. Focus groups and face-to-face interviews were carried out. These interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings – Nine interviews with carers (six paid carers and three family carers) and two focus groups with nursing staff looking after people with ID were carried out. Three key themes of “Narrative”, “Strategy toolbox” and “Compartmentalisation” emerged from analysis. Narrative and strategy took box were further subthemed. Carers had narratives about them and the person they look after. These “narratives” helped them to deal with day to day stressors. They also carried a “strategy toolbox”, which they used when they were in stressful situations. Compartmentalisation helped them to separate their personal life from work life as a carer. Originality/value – Understanding carers’ coping strategies is important when planning services to help carers who play an important role in our society. Professionals can support carers to understand and improve their existing coping skills and help them to thrive in their role as carers.

The effect of authenticity and social distance on CSR activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myungsuh Lim ◽  
Yoon Yang
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Persuasion Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Given ◽  
Close Distance

Purpose This study aims to make a distinction between two types of authenticity (indexical vs iconic), the influence of both of which on the consumer’s inference of companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) motivation is determined. Meanwhile, the consumer inference of CSR activities can be affected by the situational context within which the CSR activities are contained. Therefore, the effect of the interaction between the authenticity type and the given social distance (based on the construal level theory) was also examined. Design/methodology/approach The study conducted a 2 × 2 between-subjects design experiment to examine the effects of authenticity type (indexical/iconic) and social distance (close/distant) on the perceived motive of the CSR information in a scenario. Findings The findings showed significant main effect of authenticity type but no significant main effect of social distance on persuasion knowledge. Participants in the indexical authenticity condition perceived a higher degree of persuasion knowledge than the participants in the iconic authenticity condition. Social distance moderated the effect of authenticity type such that for indexical authenticity, there was a significant difference on persuasion knowledge when the social distance was large. However, for iconic authenticity, the perception of persuasion knowledge was not significantly different between a large distance and a close distance. Originality/value The study identified the type of authenticity that is mainly perceived as a result of CSR activities and also determined its relation to the social distance dimension to infer a firm’s CSR motives.

Poor adherence to the mental capacity act and premature death

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Heslop ◽  
P. Blair ◽  
P. Fleming ◽  
M. Hoghton ◽  
A. Marriott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Resuscitation Guidelines ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Mental Capacity Act

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of the Confidential Inquiry into premature deaths of people with intellectual disabilities (CIPOLD) in relation to the Mental Capacity Act (England and Wales) (MCA) 2005. Design/methodology/approach – CIPOLD reviewed the deaths of all known people with intellectual disabilities (ID) aged four years and over who had lived in the study area and died between 2010 and 2012. Findings – The deaths of 234 people with ID aged 16 years and over were reviewed. There were two key issues regarding how the MCA was related to premature deaths of people with ID. The first was of the lack of adherence to aspects of the Act, particularly regarding assessments of capacity and best interests decision-making processes. The second was a lack of understanding of specific aspects of the Act itself, particularly the definition of “serious medical treatment” and in relation to Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation guidelines. Research limitations/implications – CIPOLD did not set out to specifically evaluate adherence to the MCA. It may be that there were other aspects relating to the MCA that were of note, but were not directly related to the deaths of individuals. Practical implications – Addressing the findings of the Confidential Inquiry in relation to the understanding of, and adherence to, the MCA requires action at national, local and individual levels. Safeguarding is everyone's responsibility, and in challenging decision-making processes that are not aligned with the MCA, the authors are just as effectively protecting people with ID as are when the authors report wilful neglect or abuse. Originality/value – CIPOLD undertook a retrospective, detailed investigation into the sequence of events leading to the deaths of people with ID. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that such research has associated a lack of adherence to the MCA to premature deaths within a safeguarding framework.

It can still happen here: systemic risk factors that may contribute to the continued abuse of people with intellectual disabilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Marsland ◽  
Peter Oakes ◽  
Naomi Bright
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Future Harm

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the response to the scandal of abuse in services for people with intellectual disabilities in the light of research evidence and analysis. Design/methodology/approach – Critical reflection and review of literature. In particular, recent research into possible indicators that a service is at risk of becoming abusive is used to test the hypotheses and implied solutions that are currently being adopted. Findings – That some of the responses to recent scandals are necessary but not sufficient to prevent future harm. Furthermore, some of the proposed solutions may actually increase the likelihood of further abuse. Prevention of abuse requires a broader and more evidence-based response. Originality/value – The synthesis of research and analysis presented here has not been presented previously in the published literature.

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