Higher-order models with reflective indicators

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Temme ◽  
Adamantios Diamantopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Higher Order Models

Purpose – Higher-order factor models have recently been dismissed as a ‘misleading’, ‘meaningless’, and ‘needless’ approach for modeling multidimensional constructs (Lee and Cadogan, 2013; L & C, 2013 hereafter). The purpose of this paper is to show that – in contrast to L & C’s (2013) verdict – higher-order factor models are still a legitimate operationalization option for multidimensional constructs. Design/methodology/approach – Basic conceptual and statistical premises of L & C’s (2013) arguments against higher-order factor models are scrutinized both conceptually and statistically as to their logic and validity. Findings – A thorough analysis of L & C’s (2013) arguments shows that they are fundamentally flawed both conceptually and statistically, rendering their conclusions invalid. Research limitations/implications – Researchers should not remove the well-established higher-order factor models from their methodological toolkit. Furthermore, empirical findings should not automatically be considered suspect simply because higher-factor models have been used to model multidimensional constructs. Originality/value – So far, L & C’s (2013) arguments against higher-order factor models have gone unchallenged in the literature. This rejoinder is a first, much needed attempt to protect applied researchers from getting the false impression that by using higher-factor models, they rely on a “misleading” or “meaningless” modeling approach.

Measurement invariance of second-order factor model of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) across K-12 principal gender

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Xu ◽  
Zane Wubbena ◽  
Trae Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Transactional Leadership ◽  
School Principals ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Leadership Behaviour ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
K 12

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factor structure and the measurement invariance of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) across gender of K-12 school principals (n=6,317) in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Nine first-order factor models and four second-order factor models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. Findings The results suggested that the nine-factor model provided the best fit for the data. Further examination revealed that most constructs lacked convergent validity and discriminant validity. Second-order factor models were tested and the hierarchical model with two higher order factors (i.e. transformational and transactional leadership) was deemed the best fit and it was then tested for measurement invariance between females and males. The measurement model was found to be invariant across gender. Findings suggested that female school principals demonstrated significantly greater transformational leadership behaviour, while male school principals demonstrated significantly greater transactional leadership behaviour. Originality/value This study addressed construct and factor issues previously associated with the MLQ in the measurement of transformational and transactional leadership among a variety of organizations. By using a sample of K-12 school principals across gender, this study has provided support that may ameliorate contextual doubts of transformational leadership behaviour when examining the relational aspects needed to improve schools.

Risk models vs characteristic models from an investor’s perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-222
Author(s):  
Christian Fieberg ◽  
Armin Varmaz ◽  
Thorsten Poddig
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Versus Characteristic ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Risk Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Risk Factor Models ◽  
Mean Variance ◽  
Academic Debate

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implications of the risk versus characteristic debate from the perspective of a mean-variance investor. Design/methodology/approach Expected returns and the variance-covariance matrix are estimated based on various characteristic and risk models and evaluated for the purpose of mean-variance portfolios. Findings Return estimates from characteristic models are most informative to investors. Risk-factor models provide the most informative estimates of the risk. A mean-variance investor should rely on combinations of the two model types. Originality/value Although the risk vs characteristic debate is a binary academic debate, our findings from an investor's perspective suggest to make use of the best of both worlds.

A solution for the chicken and egg paradox in taxi e-hailing platforms: some evidence from the MyTaxi – FreeNow case

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Tani ◽  
Ciro Troise ◽  
Gianpaolo Basile
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complex Adaptive

Purpose This study aims to explore the chicken and egg paradox in the taxi e-hailing business contributing to define a condition of system emergence. This paradox is a meaningful one as these platforms represent a system where the passengers systems have no reason to participate if they have no drivers-systems to answer their call, but, at the same time, the platform is not useful to the drivers-system if there are no passengers-systems using the platform. Design/methodology/approach To understand how this paradox has been dealt with in the taxi e-hailing business, this study focused on a case study on a best practice in Italian taxi e-hailing industry (i.e. MyTaxi/FreeNow). This study wants to comprehend which actions have been implemented to solve this paradox and has tried to identify the interconnections between the various strategies to create a closed loop diagram for further testing. Findings This study has found that the company did not choose a single “subsystem” (passenger or driver), but it has stimulated the creation of several mutually reinforcing motivation for have both subsystems interact to help the company grow. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paradox has never been studied using the complex adaptive system perspective. This perspective is particularly useful in this case and in the similar ones with several different interacting factors that cannot be really studied without using a higher order perspective.

On the modeling of shear bands formation in J2 materials with damage evolution

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-153
Author(s):  
Sebastian D'hers ◽  
Eduardo N. Dvorkin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Strain Localization ◽  
Damage Evolution ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Shear Bands ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Strong Discontinuity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Model Response ◽  
Triggering Conditions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to model the strain localization in J2 materials with damage evolution using embedded strong discontinuity modes.Design/methodology/approachIn this procedure, an heuristic bandwidth scale is adopted to model the damage evolution in the shear bands. The bifurcation triggering conditions and band growth directions are studied for these materials.FindingsThe resulting formulation does not require a specific mesh refinement to model a localization, provides mesh independent results also insensitive to element distortions and allows calibration of the model response using experimental data. The formulation capability is shown embedding the strong discontinuity modes into quadrilateral and higher order elements.Originality/valueThe work described in this paper extends the use of strong discontinuity modes to materials with damage evolution.

A multi-dimensional approach to consumer motivation: exploring economic, hedonic, and normative consumption goals

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isak Barbopoulos ◽  
Lars-Olof Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Motivation ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Consumption Goals

Purpose – The purpose of the present research is to explore the (multi-) dimensionality of the highly influential gain, hedonic and normative master goals. Despite being important drivers of consumer behavior, few attempts have been made to incorporate these goals into a single measure. Design/methodology/approach – Across three studies, the dimensionality of the gain, hedonic, and normative master goals are explored (Study 1), confirmed (Study 2) and validated (Study 3). Findings – A structure of five distinct sub-goals emerged, which were shown to be related to the original higher-order goals: thrift and safety (related to the gain goal), moral and social norms (related to the normative goal) and instant gratification (related to the hedonic goal). These five dimensions were shown to have satisfactory convergent, discriminant and construct validity. Research limitations/implications – The present research shows that consumer motivation is multi-dimensional, and that a distinction should be made not only between higher-order utilitarian, hedonic and normative determinants but also between their corresponding sub-goals, such as social and moral norms. A multi-dimensional approach to consumer motivation should prove useful in standard marketing research, as well as in the segmentation of consumer groups, products and settings. Originality/value – The emergent dimensions encompass a broad range of research, from economics and marketing, to social and environmental psychology, providing consumer researchers and practitioners alike a more nuanced and psychologically accurate view on consumer motivation.

Higher-Order Factors in a Five-Factor Personality Inventory and its Relation to Social Desirability

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bäckström
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Order Factor

Abstract. This paper compared two higher-order factor models using a 100-item, five-factor personality inventory originating from the IPIP database. The sample consisted of 2,019 subjects tested on the Internet. The two models were compared using confirmatory factor analysis. The two-factor model showed a similar fit to the data. The criteria for parsimony favored a hierarchical model with one higher-order factor at the top and five personality factors beneath. The single higher-order factor was found to be related to social desirability in a subsample of 196 subjects.

scholarly journals The attributes of leftovers and higher-order personal values

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (9) ◽  
pp. 1965-1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Andrews ◽  
Gayle Kerr ◽  
David Pearson ◽  
Miranda Mirosa
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Negative Attributes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the inter-relationships between peoples’ perceptions of the attributes of leftover food and how they lead to higher-order values in relation to food waste. Design/methodology/approach The method involved an online, text-based, qualitative survey of 112 panel members from a market research firm. The data were examined using thematic analysis and framed using a means-end approach. Findings Findings show that leftover foods take on both positive and negative attributes and benefits, as shown in four themes—tasty foods, dangerous foods, images of spoiling and used or second-hand—leading to consequences, identified as creating time, Time to binning and repurposing. Additionally, how individuals in a household speak of themselves based on their higher-order values, termed as states of being, can determine whether such foods are repurposed or consigned to the bin. These states of being are reflected in the three themes: the responsible ones, the virtuous ones and the blameless ones. Originality/value This study provides more focussed insights on the interplay between the attributes and benefits of leftovers and how household members position themselves towards these foods, particularly in their transition to waste.

Internal flexibility in health-care organizations: a value-laden perspective on sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Organizations ◽  
Resource Dependence Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Care Organization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
A Value ◽  
Order Factor

Purpose This study aims to identify the constituents of internal flexibility in health-care organizations for achieving sustainability. The study incorporates resources-based theory and resource-dependence theory to illustrate how health-care organizations exhibit internal flexibility to redress environmental uncertainties and maximize organizational responsiveness. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducts a case study in a health-care organization to explore how health-care organizations acquire several resources for attaining internal flexibility. A survey of health-care professionals was conducted to assess the relationships using partial least squares-structural equation modeling. Findings In the present study, the dimensions of internal flexibility in health-care organizations are identified. This study also established internal flexibility as a higher-order factor and explained its underlying aspects as a value-laden perspective on sustainability. Research limitations/implications The study was conducted in the public health-care context in India. The framework needs to be tested in another context. The sample size for the study was limited to health-care experts, which could be extended to include the customer’s perspective. Originality/value The study contributes to the body of knowledge by identifying the specific dimensions of internal flexibility and explains as a higher-order factor. It enhances the understanding of sustainability from a flexibility perspective of the firm.

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