Bihar sets back Modi's economic agenda for India

Significance The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won only 58. The result has implications for Modi's economic agenda and the broader use of identity politics for electoral gain. Impacts State-level cooperation for Modi's reform agenda could decline. Public protests against the BJP's political and cultural agendas are likely to intensify. This may generate fresh criticism from key financial institutions such as credit ratings agencies.

Significance Congress has struggled to maintain unity at state level as well as nationally. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Narendra Modi remains popular, but the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led government faces a tough challenge in spurring recovery from the economic fallout of COVID-19. Impacts Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, Sonia’s daughter, will play a greater role in national politics, even if she does not become the party’s next leader. Congress may struggle to avoid further party splits in certain states. The new Congress leader will aim to prompt greater scrutiny of Modi’s track record regarding job creation.


Significance Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won only three seats and the Congress none. The results end the run of three successive state election victories for the BJP, raising doubts about the appeal of Modi's 'pro-business' reform agenda. They also raise questions over whether an AAP government is up to the challenge of promoting inclusive development for Delhi's 20 million inhabitants. Impacts Full statehood for Delhi would help local authorities meet the city's economic needs, but the central government is unlikely to agree. Modi's government will come under pressure to replace reform rhetoric with concrete policies. Bihar will prove the next most important political test for the BJP's hope for one-party dominance.


Subject India's ruling party's likely election strategy emphasising caste. Significance Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was last week displaced from government in three of its heartland states by the main opposition Congress party, following elections. The poll results suggest a loss of support for the BJP among rural voters and Dalits (formerly regarded as ‘untouchables’). Ahead of the general election likely in April or May, party President Amit Shah is overseeing the BJP’s strategy. Impacts The BJP will highlight India’s robust quarterly GDP growth figures, claiming good economic management besides engaging in identity politics. Opposition parties could highlight the plight of Dalits working as manual scavengers as part of their election campaigns. Shah will likely be a future prime ministerial candidate for the BJP.


Significance Each of these states except Punjab has a government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Punjab is one of just three states with a chief minister that belongs to India’s main opposition Congress party. Impacts A poor showing by Congress would further reduce its leverage with other opposition parties in talks over forming a broad anti-Modi alliance. Victory in UP would enhance Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath’s national profile. Election campaigning will likely lead to a spike in COVID-19 cases.


Subject Prospects for the banking sector. Significance The government is buying a 30% stake in the Austrian lender Erste Bank under a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The MoU signifies a volte-face by Prime Minister Viktor Orban, whose relationship with foreign-owned banks has been fraught with difficulties since the imposition of a levy on financial institutions in 2010 that drove down earnings and achieved notoriety as one of the highest taxes of its kind in Europe. The government has pledged to reduce the bank tax during 2016-19. Impacts The MoU may not redefine government relations with foreign banks, but could mean more activity on the market by institutional investors. Banks will clean up balance sheets, adopting a 'wait and see' strategy until FX debt relief peters out and the bank tax starts to fall. A return to profitability is unlikely before 2016; much depends on an uptake in corporate and household loans denominated in local currency.


Subject E-commerce in India. Significance Following nationwide protests from small traders in late 2014, key sections of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government have demanded that Prime Minister Narendra Modi act against India's rapidly growing e-commerce platforms. Particular targets are the largest e-commerce players, mostly Indian, but including Amazon India, which have benefitted from large infusions of foreign capital and stand accused of side-stepping India's strict limits on foreign investment in multi-brand retail. Impacts Any improvement in transport and distribution infrastructure will boost e-commerce. Proliferation of mobile and banking facilities is key to expanding online retail. Small traders will oppose the expansion of e-commerce, causing greater political losses for the BJP than any other party.


Subject Pakistan's divestment drive. Significance Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's government describes divestment of public sector enterprises (PSEs), involving 69 firms, as an essential part of its 2013-18 economic reform agenda. Progress thus far is limited, but the government faces rising pressure from the IMF, which made divestment a core condition of its 6.6-billion-dollar, three-year loan in September 2013. Impacts Another government led by Sharif would continue gradual divestments after 2018. Since PSEs are an important vector for distributing political patronage, structural reforms will face stiff resistance. Divestment of profitable PSEs defeats the purpose of the exercise, but the government will use them for a short-term cash boost.


Subject Forthcoming state elections. Significance Legislative assembly elections in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Assam and Kerala states, and the Union Territory of Puducherry, will be held between April 4 and May 19. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is a strong contender only in Assam. The overall results will have a significant bearing on his economic reform agenda. Impacts A communal campaign by the BJP in West Bengal would prevent an alliance with the TMC. The GST and land reform bills will not pass until parliamentary gridlock ends. Poor showing in forthcoming polls will dampen investor confidence in Modi.


Subject Prospects for India to end-2016. Significance Policymakers are counting on improved agrarian performance, cheaper credit and economic diplomacy to drive growth in coming months. On the political front, after a modest triumph in the last round of regional elections, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) are emboldened but still politically encumbered.


Subject 'Competitive federalism'. Significance Since Prime Minister Narendra Modi took office in May 2014, India's drive for economic development has placed renewed emphasis on 'competitive federalism' in which the states, rather than the federal centre, play the leading roles. Yet not all states have an equal capacity for self-development. There are risks that growth will become more skewed and social inequalities deepen. Impacts Growth driven by non-industrial sectors is essential for some states, but out of favour with the centre. Institutional protections on social spending are being eroded, despite vast demographic needs -- and risks. Regional growth -- and deprivation -- may come to hinge increasingly on state-level political leadership with declining central mediation.


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