Malaysia’s ruling coalition will face poll fight

Subject Malaysian opposition's election strategy. Significance Malaysian prison authorities last week prevented a meeting between jailed People’s Justice Party (PKR) leader Anwar Ibrahim and former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (PPBM). The opposition Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition on January 7 announced Mahathir as its candidate for the general election, with the proviso that he gives way to Anwar within one year of a poll win. The election must take place by August, but Prime Minister Najib Razak of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)-led Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition is yet to announce the date. Impacts The re-delineation of electoral boundaries is likely to favour the incumbent government. Religion is likely to be a prominent feature of election campaigning. A Mahathir premiership following the poll would likely leave Malaysia’s fiscal and industrial policy unchanged.

Significance The winner will become prime minister and lead the party into a general election that must take place before the middle of November. Four candidates are running. The incumbent bureaucratic reform minister and 'vaccine czar' Taro Kono is the clear frontrunner, but much could change over the next twelve days. Impacts More North Korean missile tests and other provocations would benefit the more hawkish candidates, Fumio Kishida and Sanae Takaichi. A win for Takaichi, who is backed by former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, would make Abe the 'power behind the throne'. Japan's foreign partners are wary of a return to the 'revolving door' pattern of weak leaders serving one-year terms, but this is unlikely.


Subject Rural constituencies and Malaysia's forthcoming general election. Significance The inquiries into Malaysia’s Felda Global Ventures Holdings (FGV), the third-largest palm oil plantation conglomerate globally, continue. On June 19, the office of Prime Minister Najib Razak in a statement encouraged FGV’s investigation of allegations of mismanagement and encouraged the firm to improve its corporate governance, while cautioning that those accused were innocent unless formally proven guilty. Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) settlers are a key constituency for Najib, and alleged mismanagement at FGV could threaten support for his United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in the next general election. Impacts Popular and political pressure for effective corporate governance may grow in Malaysia. New electoral boundaries are likely to be voted through by parliament by August. Further court cases against the Election Commission’s constituency boundary re-delineation are likely.


Significance The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), surprisingly defeated by the PH in the 2018 general election, returned to government in March 2020 and regained the premiership in August this year through party Vice-President Ismail Sabri Yaakob. The next parliamentary polls are due in 2023. Impacts PH Chairman Anwar Ibrahim will come under growing pressure to step down as leader of the opposition. High-profile corruption proceedings against senior UMNO figures, including former Prime Minister Najib Razak, will be a drag on the party. Eastern Malaysian state governments will have greater influence over the oil and gas sectors.


Significance This follows former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad launching the Malaysian United Native Party (Bersatu) on January 15. As a member of the primary opposition coalition, Pakatan Harapan (PH), Bersatu could challenge the governing coalition led by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) for the important Malay-Muslim vote, UMNO's political base. Both developments come as speculation grows that Prime Minister Najib Razak will call an early general election. Impacts Early polls may boost domestic stocks, particularly in construction, but will not stabilise the ringgit. Sarawak Chief Minister Adenan Satem's recent death could bolster the Sarawak autonomy movement. Legal amendments to enact Islamic criminal punishments are unlikely to be voted on pre-election. An Anwar pardon is unlikely; if it happened pre-election the opposition could benefit but still face structural problems. Opposition legal efforts to block the Electoral Commission's constituency re-delineation will likely fail.


2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Funston

The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and its allies in the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, known as the Alliance until 1974, dominated Malaysian elections for more than six decades. UMNO's winning formula was based on massive support for the politically dominant Malay community, and mobilising government institutions in support of the party. This was undermined towards the end of the 1990s by UMNO disunity, a strengthened civil society, and arrival of a digital media. Demands for comprehensive political and economic reforms ( reformasi) emerged following the controversial sacking of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in 1998. UMNO had its worst result ever in the 1999 election, a trend that continued in 2008 and 2013 when BN lost its popular and two-thirds majority. Najib's attempt to reverse this by strengthening the call for Malay dominance and tightening coercion failed. His deep implication in multiple corruption cases, tactical campaign errors, and a united opposition, Pakatan Harapan, led to the BN's stunning defeat.


Significance Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha has ordered a one-year period of mourning and proclaimed Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn as the next monarch. The crown prince has been the designated heir since 1972. Impacts US-Thai relations could weaken further in coming years. Thaksin's link to the crown prince is the most serious risk to a smooth succession. The economic impact of the transition will be short-lived.


Subject Political outlook for Malaysia's prime minister. Significance This year's United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) general assembly, which concluded on December 12, emphasised unity in the face of some party fragmentation. Party leader and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak used the meeting again to reject criticisms surrounding his government over the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) state investment fund and political contributions. Despite infighting, the party assembly and some recent parliamentary victories imply Najib is consolidating his political position. Impacts Some UMNO critics of Najib may defect, but with a weak opposition coalition, defectors' influence would be limited. New security council legislation will alienate parts of Malaysian civil society. The government will face international pressure not to 'abuse' this legislation.


Subject Malaysia's political outlook following the Bersih 4 protests. Significance Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad is to be officially questioned about his presence at the 'Bersih 4' mass protests organised by the Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (Bersih) on August 29 and 30, local press reports said today. By allowing the rallies to proceed peacefully, Prime Minister Najib Razak had sought to extend the political respite brought by his July 28 cabinet reshuffle. His position nationally and within the governing United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) is under threat amid political difficulties relating to the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) national investment fund. Impacts The Malaysian parliamentary opposition's weakness means civil society will provide most opposition to the government for now. The Bersih movement's mostly urban support limits its challenge to the government, which enjoys strong rural support. Public doubts about the effectiveness of Malaysian anti-corruption frameworks will stunt their development.


Significance Two pro-independence forces and the unionist Citizens party lead the field. Whether the election will break the impasse over independence and return regional autonomy to Catalonia will depend on a complex balance of forces within the Catalan parliament and on Madrid’s response to the result. Impacts For Spain's prime minister, the elections are an attempt to restore constitutional government in Catalonia. An end to rule by a pro-independence coalition would strengthen business confidence in the Catalan and Spanish economies. The predicted improvement in the PSC-PSOE’s standing would enhance the prospects of the Socialists in the next Spanish general election.


Significance As the 2019 general election approaches, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is trying to secure the backing of India’s rural population, which is some two-thirds of the country’s total. Modi has encouraged state governments to waive farm debt worth up to 2.8 trillion rupees (39 billion dollars); suggested a procurement formula guaranteeing farmers a return of at least 1.5 times their costs of production; and promised to double farm incomes by 2022. Meanwhile, landowning castes are increasingly demanding opportunities in education and employment away from rural areas. Impacts State governments will try to pay off farm debts by issuing bonds. In election campaigning, opposition parties will claim to champion rural interests. An average 2018 monsoon should boost agricultural output.


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