Gender infrastructure gaps galvanise diverse partners

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Developing Cities ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
Development Goals

Subject Efforts to close gender infrastructure gaps. Significance Development institutions, governments, and private-sector investors, developers and operators are increasingly integrating a gender lens into infrastructure projects. This approach is integral to achieving the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), facilitating broad-based economic growth and making infrastructure more efficient and commercially viable. Impacts Improved infrastructure would increase women's participation in the formal labour force, especially in developing cities and rural areas. Better telecommunications access would enable women to move up the value-chain in the gig economy. Gender-sensitive analysis will gradually become central to corporate due diligence.

Latin America's patchy MDGs record could deteriorate

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Caribbean

Subject Outlook for meeting development targets. Significance According to a September 9 report by the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), released ahead of the September 25-27 UN Sustainable Development Summit, the region has met several key Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and, on some, leads emerging regions. However, it also has important pending challenges in areas including maternal mortality, women's participation in the labour force and greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts Progress on poverty is likely to continue to slow, given the region's sluggish economic growth. Once coverage is achieved in education, the more complex issue of quality will arise. Most LAC governments have yet to include environmental criteria in sectoral policies.

Female labour force participation: evidence from Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1489-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abena Yeboah Abraham ◽  
Fidelia Nana Akom Ohemeng ◽  
Williams Ohemeng
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine female labour force participation (FLFP) and their employment choice between the formal and informal sectors after several institutional and social reforms such as Millennium Development Goal 3 aimed at promoting gender equality and empowerment of women by 2015, using data from Ghana’s 2010 Population and Housing Census. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, logit regression and multinomial logit techniques were employed. Findings The results show that FLFP has declined marginally from the 2005 figures; education remains the important factor in determining women’s participation in the formal sector. Strikingly 91 per cent of the FLFP is engaged in the informal sector of the Ghanaian economy, a sector with a very low contribution per head. Practical implications Interventions such as encouraging female education and retraining of self-employed females to improve upon their efficiency ought to be pursued vigorously; whiles developing rural areas for females to get equal labour opportunities and many others aimed at enhancing the efficiency and by inference earning per head of the informal sector is highly recommended. Originality/value The literature on the FLFP is thin in Ghana. The current study uses a census data unlike the previous studies and as such employed a huge sample size that reflects the reality in Ghana. The study contributed immensely to policy having established that 91 per cent of the female labour force is engaged in the informal sectors of the economy, and therefore any intervention targeting at reducing poverty and meeting the MDG 3 should be targeted at the informal sector of the Ghanaian economy.

Service sector creates jobs and problems for China

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Unemployment Data ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come

Subject New unemployment data methodology. Significance China’s urban unemployment rate averaged just under 5% during the first half of 2018, according to new official statistics. The government claims that a new methodology adopted to produce them gauges the level of joblessness better than the previous, largely useless, figures. However, the new data still do not reveal the whole picture: they exclude workers in rural areas (nearly half the workforce) and mask instability in the urban job market. Impacts The growing number of workers in the gig economy will stage strikes and protests in order to improve their pay and working conditions. Rural women, the elderly, disabled and poorly educated workers in particular will struggle to find secure employment. Imbalances in the employment market will remain a serious challenge for the Chinese government for many years to come.

scholarly journals University collaboration for co-designing sustainable urban areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 301 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Peter Čajka ◽  
Veronica Grebennikova ◽  
Hoang Manh Trung Vu ◽  
Van Tran Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Our article tackles the timely and important issue of the university collaboration aimed at shaping up the sustainable urban areas and contributing to their development through the teaching and research. Universities provided qualified labour force, yield novel research solutions and act as hubs for entrepreneurial activity in urban areas. In this article, we show that even though most of the universities are concentrated in large urban centres and capital regions, many of them are located in small rural areas and have a profound effect on them. We also demonstrate the impact of universities on the sustainable development which is done through the sustainable education as well as the R&D approaches. These effects are very relevant for the co-designing of sustainable rural areas that can follow the principles of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and the green policies imposed by the majority of the local and central governments around the world.

Unlocking Egypt's SME potential will take time

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Private Equity ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Operational Constraints ◽  
Sme Financing

Subject Nurturing SME growth in Egypt. Significance Financing and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has emerged as a key priority for Egyptian policymakers. With the sector accounting for 80% of both GDP and formal jobs, a number of government institutions are reinforcing their support through financing and focus. External players, from development institutions to venture capital and private equity, are also looking to play a role. However, the sector faces numerous operational constraints that, if left unaddressed, threaten to inhibit its growth and its potential for job creation, reduce fiscal pressures and stimulate private sector growth. Impacts Easing constraints on bank lending will help tackle SMEs' financing problems. SME growth could provide a much-needed improvement in the sourcing of fiscal revenues. SME financing is often targeted at rural areas and disenfranchised populations such as women, helping the fight against poverty. SME growth will be a key component of the broader economic recovery the government is seeking to shore up political stability.

scholarly journals Ready Made Garments’ (RMG) Contribution in Women Empowerment: A Study on Bangladesh Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (29) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Mohammed Masum Billah ◽  
Md. Rafiqul Islam Manik
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Access To Resources ◽  
Coping Capacity ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Development Goals

There is no denying the fact that without women empowerment development goals of Bangladesh is always unreachable. This country belongs to a social system where women consider as a burden for the family. However, the scenario is changing with time. Nowadays, women are working in garments sector, education sector, banking sector, different NGO’s and government organizations but the single garment sector where seventy percent of workers of 4.0 million are women and most of them are less educated, unskilled and from rural areas. These women have neither decision making power and nor access to resources before getting the job in the garments sector. The job creates ample opportunity for female workers by giving economic freedom, keeping them near the resources and facilities in the city area, and making them knowledgeable, and skills through training, counseling, and sharing problem with coworkers. The study reveals that empowerment of women vastly depends on four variables which are women’s financial contribution to family, women’s access to resources, women’s participation in household decision making and their perception of coping capacity to shocks. It has been found that garments sector significantly contribute to enhance the female worker’s ability to contribute financially, to participate in decision making, to access resources, and to cope with risks which ultimately increase their empowerment in the society as a whole.

How does the minimum wage affect employment statuses of youths?: evidence of Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Devanto Shasta Pratomo
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Youth Employment ◽  
Displacement Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
Youth Labour Market

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of minimum wage on youth employment across employment statuses in Indonesia. This study uses the National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) from 2010 to 2012. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a multinomial logit model to see the youth distribution across different employment status changes as a result of an increase in the minimum wage. Five categories of youth employment statuses are examined including self-employed; unpaid family workers; paid employees in the covered sector; paid employees in the uncovered sectors; and unemployed. The model is examined separately for urban and rural areas, as well as for the male and female youth labour market. Findings – The results generally suggest that an increase in minimum wage decrease the probability of youth being employed in the covered sector, i.e. paid employment in the covered sector and increase the probability of youth being employed in the uncovered sectors, including self-employed, unpaid family workers, and paid employment in the uncovered sectors. This study indicates a displacement effect for youths from the covered sector into the uncovered sector as suggested by the two-sector model. The specific results are different across urban and rural labour markets, as well as across males and females. Originality/value – Compared to the developed country studies, the studies on the effects of minimum wage on youth employment in developing countries is relatively limited. The sample from Indonesian labour market with a large informal sector has never been used for these purposes. This study also contributes to the literature by using the particular definition of the covered-uncovered sector to the Indonesian labour market based on the employment status and individual wage data.

The gig economy in the UK: a regional perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraint Johnes
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Regional Estimates ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
The Uk

Purpose A quarterly series of gig economy activity in the regions of the UK is constructed. Patterns of regional linkages are identified and the implications of spatial patterns for policymakers, businesses, workers and institutions are highlighted. Design/methodology/approach The Labour Force Survey data on main job self-employment in key gig economy sectors are used to construct the series. These are then analysed using vector autoregression techniques to identify patterns in the data and provide provisional forecasts. Findings The incidence of gig economy activity is greatest in the London region, characterised by high population density and a concentration of service sectors in which gig economy work, particularly of a highly skilled nature, takes place. Growth of gig economy activity in other regions has been more modest. In London, the percentage of workers in the gig economy is expected to rise to around 6.5 per cent over the next few years, while in other regions, the percentage is expected to settle at between 3 and 4.5 per cent. Originality/value These are the first regional estimates to be provided of the extent of gig economy activity. This is important in the context of discussions about the future of work, not least because regional disparities imply the need for policies addressing insecurity to have a spatial dimension.

Seedling production and choice among cashew farmers in Ghana: a profitability analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-129
Author(s):  
Richard Kwasi Bannor ◽  
Helena Oppong-Kyeremeh ◽  
Steffen Abele ◽  
Frank Osei Tutu ◽  
Samual Kwabena Chaa Kyire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Profitability Analysis

PurposeThe unavailability and inadequate use of cashew seedlings for propagation are part of the challenges facing the cashew sub-sector in Ghana. However, promoting investment into cashew seedling production should be based on the analysis of the profitability and viability of such a venture as well as the respective determinants of farmers' demand for the planting material.Design/methodology/approachThis study used gross margin/contribution, net margin and contribution ratios to analyse the profitability of cashew seedling production under four different business models. Also, the determinants of choice of planting material for cashew plantation among farmers was analysed via a multinomial probit regression.FindingsThe study revealed that cashew seedling production is profitable with a gross margin of $8,474, $2,242, $1,616 and $1,797 and contribution to sales of 31–53% for the various business models. The positive determinants of the use of cashew seedlings were off-farm job participation and extension contact, whereas farm size and age of plantation negatively influenced the use of seedlings. Land acquisition method also influenced the use of both seedlings and seeds negatively.Practical implicationsThe findings provide empirical evidence of the viability and profitability of cashew seedling production as a viable business venture and off-farm opportunity in rural areas. The information from the study will help major stakeholders in cashew production to understand the type of farmers who use seeds and seedlings as well as the reasons for using or otherwise.Originality/valueSignificant research in the cashew value chain had focussed on the profitability of cashew plantation with little literature on profitability and viability analysis of cashew seedling production. Similarly, this study provides a significant value chain job opportunity as well as literature on the choice of cashew seedlings among current and prospective end-users.

scholarly journals SWOC analysis of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in Dharmapuri District of Tamil Nadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Thirumal Kannan V ◽  
◽  
Raj Pravin T ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Community Assets ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Delay In Payments ◽  
Employment Guarantee

This study was conducted in the Pennagaram block of Dharmapuri district with 120 respondents for identifying the strengths, weakness, opportunities and challenges of MGNREGS. The major strengths are the availability of work with assured wages during the lean season, increase in the bargaining power of agricultural labor in rural areas, increasing their purchasing power of agricultural laborers and assist in proper repair and maintenance of community assets. The weakness identified are delay in payments and defects in carrying out the schedule of rates, lack of planning and expertise in identifying development work and prioritizing them in village panchayats, lack of awareness about social audit and e- muster rolls. With regard to opportunities, it has ensured women’s participation in the labour force leading to their empowerment, ensures food and nutrient security, creates job opportunities for all stakeholders in their rural habitats and prevents and checks migration to nearby towns/cities in search of employment. The challenges are poor allocation of funds and its disbursal to the beneficiaries affecting its functioning, Poor MGNREGS implementation and monitoring resulting in the creation of less public assets and infrastructure facilities, wide spread corruption and misuse of allocated funds and increased political interference in the selection of beneficiaries and assigning of works.

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