Greek sport fans' evaluation of football leagues' brand associations and their influence on brand loyalty. The case of UEFA champions league

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anagnostou ◽  
George Tzetzis
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Corporate Identity ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Brand Association ◽  
Final Questionnaire ◽  
Elite Level

PurposeThe purpose of this research was to develop a scale to measure the football league brand associations such as the “UEFA Champions League” and to investigate their influence on brand loyalty.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was developed and tested through a pilot test (N = 120) and the final questionnaire was administered among Greek sport spectators (N = 460). The factor structure was tested through an exploratory factor analysis and a regression analysis was used to examine the predictability of fans' brand loyalty by the league brand association dimensions.FindingsSix brand association factors were revealed through the exploratory factor analysis: elite management, entertainment, elite-sportsmanship participants, escape, elite refereeing and corporate identity. In addition, new brand associations and elements were found: elite refereeing which included fast football and the league anthem was found to coexist with logo. Elite management, entertainment, escape and corporate identity were found to influence brand loyalty variables.Practical implicationsThe study revealed a useful tool to measure sport leagues' brand associations, to measure their influence on Greek fans' loyalty and build strong, unique and favourable consumer-based brand associations.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the sports brand associations research by examining brand associations in the context of European leagues and elite-level football competitions. It also contributes by identifying and revealing new brand associations and new elements to co-exist with other already known sports brand associations. Finally, it examines the influence of the new brand-specific associations to the brand loyalty of the “UEFA Champions League” competition for Greek sport fans.

scholarly journals Examining the ParticipACTION brand using the brand equity pyramid

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lithopoulos ◽  
Peter A. Dacin ◽  
Tanya R. Berry ◽  
Guy Faulkner ◽  
Norm O’Reilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Brand Equity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Activity Promotion ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Purpose The brand equity pyramid is a theory that explains how people develop loyalty and an attachment to a brand. The purpose of this study is to test whether the predictions made by the theory hold when applied to the brand of ParticipACTION, a Canadian non-profit organization that promotes active living. A secondary objective was to test whether this theory predicted intentions to be more physically active. Design/methodology/approach A research agency conducted a cross-sectional, online brand health survey on behalf of ParticipACTION. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis established the factor structure. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. Findings A nationally representative sample of Canadian adults (N = 1,191) completed the survey. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a hypothesized five-factor brand equity framework (i.e. brand identity, brand meaning, brand responses, brand resonance and intentions). A series of structural equation models also provided support for the hypothesized relationships between the variables. Practical implications Though preliminary, the results provide a guide for understanding the branding process in the activity-promotion context. The constructs identified as being influential in this process can be targeted by activity-promotion organizations to improve brand strength. A strong organizational brand could augment activity-promotion interventions. A strong brand may also help the organization better compete against other brands promoting messages that are antithetical to their own. Originality/value This is the first study to test the brand equity pyramid using an activity-promotion brand. Results demonstrate that the brand equity pyramid may be useful in this context.

Constructing the ideal SRI (sustainability reporting index) framework for Indonesian market: combined perspectives from rating agencies, academics, and practitioners

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sita deliyana Firmialy ◽  
Yunieta Anny Nainggolan
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rating Agencies ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Social Rating

Purpose This study aims to focus on developing the sustainability reporting index (SRI) with combined perspectives from varied social rating agencies, along with integrated combined perspectives from academics experts and Indonesian companies. Design/methodology/approach The first section discusses the theoretical framework along with the sustainability challenges faced by companies in Indonesia. The second section develops the methodology of the study to measure the SRI by considering practical and theoretical perspectives, starting from the identification of initial disclosure, selecting the final disclosure and developing the hierarchical framework. Lastly, the third section confirms the validity of the study’s framework by the exploratory factor analysis method and its comparability by comparing the content analysis result of the study with the Kinder–Lydenberg–Domini (KLD) method. The content analysis was used to analyze annual reports, sustainability reports and companies’ websites based on indicators found in the resulted model. Findings The main finding is the SRI framework (SRIF) of the study, which is built on the basis of the stakeholder relationship theory and is focused on three main dimensions (social, economic and environmental). Specifically, the framework consists of 17 indicators and 93 sub-indicators. On the basis of factor analysis method, it can be safely said that the study’s SRIF is quite valid. The high score of correlations between the SRIF and KLD results at the composite and dimension levels, along with the statistically significant results show that the study’s SRIF results and KLD results are fairly similar. Research limitations/implications The present study has its limitation as it only gathers data from publicly available reports issued by the firms (secondary data). Owing to time limitation, primary data are not collected. However, this is also the strength of this research as it will allow investors to replicate the study’s methodology to measure companies’ sustainability. Practical implications The study is useful to organizations and statutory bodies toward finding a replicable method to measure the Indonesian companies’ social performance. In addition, the study also introduced the usefulness of the qualitative program Atlas TI to perform content analysis, the exploratory factor analysis method to ensure validity and comparability by comparing it to the KLD methodology, which is known globally as the most widely accepted methodology to measures social performance. Lastly, this study will provide implications to the Government to ascertain the level of SRI reporting among the Indonesian public-listed companies. Originality/value The resulted framework in this study simultaneously considers social, environmental and economic factors in the context of companies in Indonesia, while previous researchers have constructed reporting index separately (i.e. Sumiani et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2012). Especially in the context of Indonesia, there is no such index simultaneously focused on the three main dimensions, namely, social, environmental and economics. The current study tries to fill the gap by using the constructed SRI index based on three perspectives combined, namely, social rating agencies, academic theorist and Indonesian companies.

Measurement of innovation capability in supply chain: an exploratory study

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Iddris
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Innovation Capability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Idea Management

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of innovation capability construct measures in the context of supply chain and to objectively identify the key dimensions for stimulating focal firms’ innovativeness. Design/methodology/approach The scale items for this research were obtained from extant literature. The data were collected from homogenous sample of 117 Ghanaian middle level managers (respondents). Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the main dimensions of innovation capability. Based on the statistical analysis, four dimensions were obtained – idea management, idea implementation, collaboration and learning – and the convergent validity, discriminant validity, nomological validity and reliability tests indicate that the scales are valid and reliable Findings Four dimensions (factors) of innovation capability were identified from the exploratory factor analysis. These dimensions were labelled as idea management, idea implementation, collaboration and learning. The results indicate that the integration of the dimensions of innovation capability may stimulate a focal firm’s innovativeness. Research limitations/implications First, the measurement scale might not capture all the important dimensions of innovation capability. Second, the judgmental sampling used in this study means that the result cannot be generalised to the entire supply chain population, third, the sample was drawn from one geographical location using non-probability sampling technique. Practical implications The measures provide supply chain managers with a better approach of understanding the innovation capability in their supply chain. For instance, the measurement of supply chain’s innovation capability should help supply chain managers to determine the important innovation areas that need attention most and to permit them to respond to challenges posed by any kind of innovation capability dimension that needs to be enhanced. Originality/value The unique contribution of this paper is the development innovation capability measurement scale in the context of supply chain.

Islamic bank selection criteria in Nigeria: a model development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1837-1849
Author(s):  
Precious Chikezie Ezeh ◽  
Anayo D. Nkamnebe
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Islamic Bank

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the study of Islamic bank choice and to test the significant importance of the constructs that influence bank customers to choose Islamic bank in a pluralistic-secular nation. Design/methodology/approach Total of 348 conventional and Islamic bank customers were sampled. Five-point Likert-type question containing 27 bank selection items was used in collecting primary data. Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability and average variance extracted are used to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. Also various descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and one sample T-test are equally used in analyzing the work. Findings Exploratory factor analysis identified four factors. They are Islamic ethics, convenience, Islamic bank services awareness and physical evidence. Furthermore, the factors that show significant importance in the choice of Islamic banking are Islamic ethics and Islamic bank services awareness. The result equally shows that people are aware of Islamic banking. Practical implications This study provides insight on the factors that influence the selection of Islamic banking, an innovative banking concept. This study has obvious management and theory implications. Also, the study will assist the bank managers in developing effective marketing strategy to increase the market share. Originality/value This study reports Islamic banking selection criteria in a pluralistic-secular Nation. The study also developed a model that can be used in studying the choice of Islamic bank in special type of environment. Thus, Islamic banking is a new reality in the Nigerian financial scene.

The impact of brand associations on brand loyalty in the football industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Maderer ◽  
Dirk Holtbruegge ◽  
Rachel Woodland
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Brand Management ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Attitudinal Loyalty ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of brand associations on brand loyalty of fans toward professional football clubs in developed and emerging football markets (EFM). In particular, the following research questions are answered: how important are different determinants of brand associations for fans from developed football markets (DFM) and EFM? Are there any major differences in the importance of different brand associations and their influence on brand loyalty between fans from DFM and EFM? Design/methodology/approach Based on the customer-based brand equity framework the impact of brand associations on brand loyalty is tested with a sample of 3,587 fans from DFM – Germany, England, Spain, Italy, and France (2,032) – as well as fans from EFM – Brazil, Russia, India, China, and the USA (1,555). Findings Structural equation modeling is applied and shows a negative impact of brand attributes on attitudinal loyalty, whereas brand benefits positively impact attitudinal loyalty. Furthermore, significant differences between fans from developed and EFM are revealed. Implications for the management of football teams and for research on brand management are derived. Originality/value This study extends the work of Gladden and Funk (2001) by expanding the model used to assess brand loyalty and analyzes it empirically in different football markets. When looking to foster attitudinal loyalty, marketers should concentrate on benefit associations instead of attribute associations. Most importantly, marketers should be aware that when focusing on developing brand loyalty amongst EFM fans, they should not simply apply the same strategies that proved to be effective in DFM and vice versa.

Customer perceptions of quality – a study in the SPA industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Lagrosen ◽  
Stefan Lagrosen
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Customer Perceptions ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
Group Interviews

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore dimensions of customer perceptions of factors important for a quality experience in the SPA industry and to assess service quality implications for these dimensions. Design/methodology/approach The empirical study involved seven Swedish SPA hotels. The first part was qualitative, consisting of seven focus-group interviews with hotel guests. In addition, service providers’ perceptions of customer quality were collected through seven quality cafés. The qualitative parts were analysed with the constant comparative technique from the grounded theory approach. Based on the findings from the interviews, a questionnaire was delivered to 400 randomly accessed women. The responses were analysed with exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis. Findings The focus-group interviews showed that the customers’ perception of quality could be expressed in the following dimensions: physical effects, mental effects, pleasure and flexibility. The dimensions for customer quality seen from the staff’s perspective were treatments, climate and the SPA facility itself. The exploratory factor analysis defined the following underlying factors: enjoyment, treatments, practicality, fitness, cost and calm. The cluster analysis resulted in four groups of customer profiles: the more of everything group, the enjoyers, the savers and the fitness freaks. Research limitations/implications A limitation is that the study has only been carried out in one country. The main implication for research is a better understanding of quality dimensions and perceptions of service quality in the SPA industry. Practical implications The study provides a comprehensive insight into the dimensions of quality for SPA visitors. Moreover, four distinct groups of customers have been identified. This knowledge should be useful for SPA managers. Originality/value Only limited amounts of research have previously been carried out in the SPA industry. The paper provides a framework depicting perceptions of quality dimensions in SPA hotels.

Improving brand equity

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Brand Awareness ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach – This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings – A growing perception among many consumers is that brands and products are becoming increasingly more homogenous. Firms thus face an even greater challenge in the quest to make their offerings stand out from the crowd. Given the fiercely competitive landscape, the importance of brand equity cannot be overstated. High levels of equity indicate a strong brand that will be able to make its presence felt in the marketplace. Brand equity is often conceptualized as incorporating brand associations, brand loyalty, brand awareness and perceived quality dimensions. Brand associations are regarded as particularly influential. Consumers form these associations based on their knowledge and experience of the brand. Practical implications – The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value – The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Brand equity in the Portuguese vinho verde “green wine” market

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Brochado ◽  
Fernando Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brand Association ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Wine Market ◽  
Main Determinants

Purpose This paper aims to examine the main determinants of brand equity in the context of brands defined by their region of origin, as is the case for Portuguese green wine. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from a sample of wine consumers in Portugal through personal interviews (N = 200). Structural equation modelling was then applied to study the causal relationships between brand equity and its dimensions (i.e. brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality and brand association) for top-of-mind green wine brands, based on Aaker’s conceptual Framework (Aaker, 1991). Findings The study’s results reveal that brand loyalty is the most influential dimension of brand equity for Portuguese green wine and that the links between brand equity and both brand association and perceived quality are significant. These findings can help Portuguese wineries to prioritise – and allocate resources across – brand equity dimensions. Originality/value Although the literature identifies dimensions of brand equity in other industries, the literature on the wine market is still sparse. This study, therefore, contributes to expanding this body of knowledge.

scholarly journals Kepuasan Konsumen: Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlina Kurnia ◽  
Mr Suwiknyo
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Brand Awareness ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Brand Association ◽  
Brand Quality ◽  
Spss Software

ABSTRACT  This article investigates the influence of brand awareness, perceived quality, brand association, brand loyalty, tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy customer satisfaction. The population is the customer in BPR Meru Sankara, the sample is taken with convinience with slovin method. Using sample 96 and tested using SPSS software. The results of this study show Perception Quality, Reliability, Responsiveness and Empatimiliki influence and significant to Customer Satisfaction. Thus the proposed hypothesis proves true. As for Brand Awareness, Brand Associations, Brand Loyalty, Physical Evidence and Guarantee no effect on Customer Satisfaction so that the hypothesis proposed is not proven. Further research is expected to add variable motivation and corporate culture in researching customer satisfaction.Keywords                   : Brand Quality, Sistem Quality, customer satisfactionCorrespondence to       : [email protected] ABSTRAK  Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui faktor yang memepengaruhi kepuasan konsumen, seperti brand awareness, perceived quality, brand association, brand loyalty, tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah nasabah BPR Meru Sankara, denagn teknik pengambilan sample dengan accidental sampling. Sampel yang digunakan adalah 96 dan diolah menggunakan SPSS software.Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan hubungan antara Perception Quality, Reliability, Responsiveness dan Empatimemiliki pengaruh pada kepuasan pelanggan.Sedangkan hubungan antara Brand Awareness, Brand Associations, Brand Loyalty, Physical Evidence dan Guarantee tidak memiliki pengaruh pada Customer Satisfaction . Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat menambah variabel yang diteliti yaitu motivasi dan kepuasan pelanggan.Kata kunci                     : Brand Quality, Sistem Quality, customer satisfactionKorespondensi             : [email protected]

scholarly journals Ageing in organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Author(s):  
Maria Jose Tonelli ◽  
Jussara Pereira ◽  
Vanessa Cepellos ◽  
João Lins
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Age Stereotypes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Posture

Purpose This paper aims to show which factors influence the perception of human resources professionals about managers over 50 years old and which factors guide the age management practices adopted in the surveyed companies. Design/methodology/approach To this end, a survey was conducted with 140 companies accessed from a database of a human resources association. Through the answers obtained through the online questionnaire, an exploratory factor analysis was made with the aid of Software R. Findings Thus, it was possible to identify four factors that explain the work posture of professionals 50 years of age and older (company expectations, performance, morality and knowledge and professionalism) and three factors that guide the adoption of age management practices in organizations (recruitment & selection and integration, retention and continuity in the company, adaptation to the needs). Originality/value The results suggest that, even considering the high performance of older managers, perceived by HR professionals, the adoption of age management practices is still insufficient, making it difficult for these professionals to enter and remain in organizations. Moreover, it can be inferred that such posture indicates biases of discrimination and age stereotypes.

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