Zn diffusion and reflow behaviour of Sn-9Zn and Sn-8.5Zn-0.5Ag-0.01Al-0.1Ga solders on a Ni/Cu substrate under IR reflow

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mittal ◽  
K.L. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Diffusion Behavior ◽  
Zn Diffusion ◽  
Cu Substrate ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Substrate Interface ◽  
Solder Balls ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – This paper aims to compare the reflow and Zn diffusion behaviors in Sn-Zn and Sn-8.5Zn-0.5Ag-0.01Al-0.1Ga (5E) solders during soldering on a Ni/Cu substrate under infrared (IR) reflow. The study proposes a model on the effect of various elements particularly Zn diffusion behavior in the solders on the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Design/methodology/approach – The melting activities of two solders near their melting points on copper substrates are visualized in an IR reflow furnace. Reflowed solder joints were analyzed using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Findings – Reflow behaviors of the solders are similar. During melting, solder balls are first merged into each other and then reflow on the substrate from top to bottom. Both solders show a reduced amount of Zn in the solder. Theoretical calculations demonstrate a higher Zn diffusion in the 5E solder; however, the amount of Zn actually observed at the solder/substrate interface is lower than Sn-9Zn solder due to the formation of ZnAg3 in the solder. A thinner IMC layer is formed at the interface in the 5E solder than the Sn-Zn solder. Research limitations/implications – The present work compares the 5E solder only with Sn-Zn solder. Additional research work may be required to compare 5E solder with other solders like Sn-Ag, SnAgCu, etc. to further establish its practical applications. Practical implications – The study ascertains the advantages of 5E solder over Sn-Zn solder for all practical applications. Originality/value – The significance of this paper is the understanding of the relation between reflow behavior of solders and reactivity of different elements in the solder alloys and substrate to form various IMCs and their influence on the formation of IMC layer at solder/substrate interface. Emphasis is provided for the diffusion behavior of Zn during reflow and respective reaction mechanisms.

Shariah-compliant equities and Shariah screening: need for convergence of ethical screening of stocks with Shariah screening

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tauhidul Islam Tanin ◽  
Abu Umar Faruq Ahmad ◽  
Aishath Muneeza
Keyword(s):  
Original Research ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Stock Screening ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThis study explores the practical application of the Shariah screening process and how it could be enhanced by converging the same with the ethical screening of stocks.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a qualitative research methodology by combining the qualitative descriptive approach and content analysis.FindingsThe findings of this research suggest that there is scope to converge ethical screening of stocks with Shariah Screening as the lex loci applicable to Shariah screening is derived from Shariah, which considers ethics as part of determining its rules.Practical implicationsThe data from this study reveal several practical applications, the ultimate goal of which is to help the policymakers and stakeholders understand the relevance of the Shariah screening of stocks and get a streamlined screening process, paving the way to enhance the same using ethical screening criteria to develop its function to become much more relevant irrespective of the denomination of faiths.Originality/valueThis is original research, which is expected to contribute to understanding the extent to which Shariah screening can be enhanced by integrating the ethical stock screening dimension to it.

The behavioral analysis of choice difficulty states during clothing online shopping

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiao Chen ◽  
Zhongliang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Online Shopping ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Behavioral Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Choice Overload ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeChoice overload in e-commerce induces choice difficulty, which is detrimental to shopping decision-making. The purpose of this paper is to provide relatively simple and effective methods and indicators to detect and assess the choice difficulty states of customers during clothing online shopping.Design/methodology/approachIn order to find out the behavioral performance of choice difficulty states during clothing online shopping, the authors performed the following steps: at first, the authors conducted an experiment to record the videos of the purchasing process during clothing online shopping. Then, the authors carried out the behavioral analysis of customers, correlating each behavioral index to choice difficulty states.FindingsThe results of the behavioral analysis in this study have indicated that three types of behavior were significantly correlated to the choice difficulty states of customers.Practical implicationsIt is expected that it would be possible to use the threshold values of behavioral indicators to determine whether and when the customer is suffering from choice phobia disorder. Based on the findings, a recommender system with timely interventions to help customers with choice difficulty to make shopping decisions will be developed in the future.Originality/valueThis is the first reported study that explores the possibility of using behavioral indicators to detect choice difficulty, which will remain helpful to the scientific community to start further customer-centered research work and development of clothing online shopping.

An integrated fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy AD approach for outsourcing provider selection

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selçuk Perçin
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
Order Preference ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Unlike previous literature, this study offers a novel integrated fuzzy approach to the field of outsourcing decisions. The purpose of this paper is to use design ranges of evaluation criteria that satisfy the functional requirements (FRs) of decision makers to solve the outsourcing provider selection problem. Design/methodology/approach In this study, considering the expected significance of outsourcing evaluation criteria, and the FRs of decision makers expressed in linguistic terms, a robust multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool based on the integrated use of fuzzy Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis and weighted fuzzy axiomatic design methods is proposed for use in decision process. Findings The proposed method is applied to a Turkish chemical company. A sensitivity analysis is performed and the outcomes of the proposed integrated framework are compared with those of other MCDM methods such as fuzzy-based Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, fuzzy Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje and fuzzy Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis. This validates the usefulness and practicality of the proposed methodology. Practical implications The main contribution of this study is that it defines specific requirements that will assist company managers in eliminating alternatives that do not satisfy the needs and expectations of their company. Originality/value This paper compares the present study with other studies in the field of manufacturing. Additionally, it provides a well-documented case study, which makes the paper of value to researchers interested in the practical applications of MCDM methods.

A family-enterprise collective certification trademark: consumer insight

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Nikodemska-Wolowik ◽  
Piotr Zientara ◽  
Anna Zamojska
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Family Enterprise ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Consumer Insight ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to find out how consumers respond to a proposed family-enterprise collective certification trademark and how they perceive family firms in general.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs a quantitative approach. It draws on a questionnaire survey conducted among 1,091 Polish consumers in January 2018. Statistical methods, such as exploratory factor analysis, were applied.FindingsPolish consumers responded positively to the proposed trademark. It also turned out that those who pay attention to the producer or the brand owner in a given sector also pay attention to the symbols placed on products or services from these sectors. There was a strong relationship between consumers' positive perceptions of family firms and their assessments of the proposed trademark. This did not extend to negative perceptions. The findings from this study may be generalisable to other post-communist societies.Practical implicationsFamily firms should redouble their efforts to introduce a family-enterprise collective certification trademark (not only in Poland, but also in those countries where such a trademark is non-existent). This should be handled by umbrella bodies for family business.Originality/valueLittle research work, based on a large and representative sample, has so far focussed on the issue of how consumers respond to a family-enterprise identity. The value of this study lies in deepening understanding of the processes and mechanisms that underlie the organisation–consumer relationship within the context of family-enterprise operation.

scholarly journals The concept and application of ḍamān al-milkiyyah (ownership risk)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutfi Abdul Razak ◽  
Muhammad Nabil Saupi
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the concept of ḍamān al-milkiyyah (ownership risk) and to assess its application in contemporary Islamic financial products and services. Design/methodology/approach The methodology adopted is that of descriptive research. Findings From an Islamic law of contract perspective, the concept of ḍamān al-milkiyyah is central to legitimate profit-making transactions and hence must be adhered to in practical applications of Islamic finance. Research limitations/implications This study should help motivate further investigation into the position of ḍamān al-milkiyyah among different parties in existing Islamic financial products and services. Practical implications Policymakers and regulators should ensure that Islamic financial products and services are structured in a way that does not allow parties to profit without adequately bearing the liability for potential loss. Social implications The condition of ḍamān al-milkiyyah as a source of legitimate profit reflects the idea that the role of finance in Islam is to promote and ensure social benefits. Originality/value This paper emphasizes the importance of ḍamān al-milkiyyah as a fundamental condition for profit in Islamic financial transactions.

Collaboration in reverse: a conceptual framework for reverse logistics operations

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumaraguru Mahadevan
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Erp System ◽  
Online Retailers ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the research carried out on the development of a conceptual framework termed as the reverse collaboration framework (RCF) to provide supply chain (SC) visibility and information sharing to practitioners in a reverse logistics (RL) operations. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology used in this research is a combination of concept mapping, and the extension of the work of other researchers (deductive approach) to develop a RCF that connects tools, techniques, systems and RL processes. Findings This research shows that by integrating tools, systems, tools and techniques with RL processes by means of the RCF will increase performance and productivity of a RL operations. This is demonstrated by applying the RCF to a consumer electronics business that proves that the time taken for the end to end RL operations is reduced by 20%. Research limitations/implications The RCF has been demonstrated with the data from a consumer electronics organisation. Literature points out that there are many different mathematical models for RL across a number of industries. Thus, at this stage, it is not clear if the RCF developed in this research will work in other industries, such as the newspaper, plastic bottles and online retailers industry where product returns are high. This research work can be extended in developing an IT solution by future researchers that can be linked to the main ERP system of an organisation. Practical implications SC managers can use the RCF in the extended form of an IT solution to manage the RL operations of their organisations. Originality/value There is a lack of research in the space of reverse collaboration in the broader field of SC management. This paper has fulfilled that gap.

Therapy with exonerated clients: review and recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Heilbrun ◽  
Sarah Fishel ◽  
Claire Lankford ◽  
Mina Ratkalkar
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Mental Health Needs ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Structured Approach ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The conviction of innocent individuals has emerged as an international concern, resulting in substantial attention to the legal needs that stem from exoneration. However, many other challenges can also arise in the aftermath of an exoneration, including financial, psychosocial and mental health needs. Relatively little has been written about the particular reentry needs of individuals who are exonerated of their charges, and even fewer studies have considered the effectiveness of various treatment approaches. The purpose of this paper is to reviews the available literature, identifies gaps and provides clinical recommendations for the development of treatment interventions for exonerees. Design/methodology/approach The research addressing the needs and challenges that arise in the aftermath of exoneration is reviewed and analysed for implications that can guide treatment-planning in this area. Findings This paper reviews key finds from the literature and provides recommendations for developing a semi-structured approach to treating exonerees. Practical implications Practical applications for the development of effective therapeutic interventions for exonerated individuals are identified and discussed. Originality/value Currently, there is very limited literature addressing the specific reentry needs and effective therapeutic interventions for exonerated individuals.

Digital transformation: setting the pace

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Margiono
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
Organic Growth ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Strategic Paths ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to identify the paths of digital transformation followed by companies facing disruption and offer recommendations for executives for choosing the appropriate path. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper. Findings This paper identifies two paths of digital transformation. The offensive path is aggressive and involves the rapid acquisition of digital resources through portfolio investment and merger and acquisition tactics. The defensive path is relatively slow and relies on the organic growth of the digital capabilities of the incumbent companies over time. Research limitations/implications This paper identifies a number of potential factors affecting the choice of the transformation path taken by companies. Further studies can be conducted to investigate these contingent factors. Practical implications This study describes the strategic paths available in a digital transformation and identifies the conditions that might justify a particular approach. Originality/value This paper identifies two types of paths that are generally followed by companies aiming digital transformation – offensive and defensive. This aspect has not been studied in any other research work.

The shape of income distribution and decomposition of the changes in income inequality in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 760-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswini Kumar Mishra ◽  
Anil Kumar ◽  
Abhishek Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Rich ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Though Indian economy since 1980s has expanded very rapidly, yet the benefits of growth remain very unequally distributed. The purpose of this paper is to provide new evidence about the shape, intensity and decomposition of inequality change between 2005 and 2012. The authors find that Gini, as a measure of income inequality, has increased irrespective of geographic regions. Design/methodology/approach Based on a recent distribution analysis tool, “ABG,” the paper focuses on local inequality, and summarizes the shape of inequality in terms of three inequality parameters (α, β and γ) to examine how the income distributions have changed over time. Here, the central coefficient (α) measures inequality at the median level, with adjustment parameters at the top (β) and bottom (γ). Findings The results reveal that at the middle of distribution (α), there is almost the same inequality in both the periods, but the coefficients on the curvature parameters β and γ show that there is increasing inequality in the subsequent period. Finally, an analysis of decomposition of inequality change suggests that though income growth was progressive, however, this equalizing effect was more than offset by the disequalizing effect of income reranking. Research limitations/implications This paper shows how it can be possible both for “the poor” to fare badly relatively to “the rich” and for income growth to be pro-poor. Practical implications This paper stresses the significance of inequality reduction. Social implications Inequality reduction is very much imperative in ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Originality/value Perhaps, this research work is first of its kind to examine the shape and decomposition of change in income inequality in India in recent years.

Effect of religiosity on luxury consumer behavior: the case of the Tunisian Muslim

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawzi Dekhil ◽  
Hajer Boulebech ◽  
Neji Bouslama
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Luxury Brands ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repurchase Intentions ◽  
Luxury Brand ◽  
Personal Orientation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of religiosity on attitude and personal orientation toward luxury brands and on purchase and repurchase intentions. Determining the effects of religiosity on the consumers’ behavior toward luxury has proved to be a crucial matter. As far as the authors know, academic research on this topic is almost non-existent. This is an exploratory study at the level of the direct effects of religiosity. Following a literature review, a model was constructed to represent the various interrelationships between the variables investigated in this research. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative study was conducted among 227 individuals having varying levels of religiosity. The authors verified, before, that those interviewed have purchased a luxury brand. Findings The findings show that religiosity does not hinder the consumption of luxury brands. Indeed, the authors detected a positive relationship between attitude and personal orientation toward luxury brands and the level of religiosity. The effect of religiosity on attitude and personal orientation is stronger for persons having higher incomes. Moreover, this effect is slight more marked among women. Research limitations/implications Just as for all other research work, it is important to identify the limitations of this study. The authors need only to acknowledge its exploratory nature for these relationships to be identified as preliminary ones and as the first elements of proof rather than as a conclusive demonstration. This research suffers from certain other limitations, especially concerning its convenience sampling and the fact that it covered only a limited geographical area, namely, the capital, Tunis, and its adjacent suburbs. Practical implications This research has shown that whatever the level of religiosity, its effect is stronger among persons having a high income. Therefore, Muslims, whatever their religiosity, can be a target for marketers and luxury brand. Social implications Islam is not against luxury brand but against ostentation. Originality/value It is the first research, as the authors know, that study the relationship between religiosity and consumer luxury behavior, especially among Muslims.

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