Characterizing three-dimensional surface structures from visual images

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides three dimensional details of external surface structures and supplements ultrastructural information provided by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Animals composed of watery jellylike tissues such as hydras and other coelenterates have not been considered suitable for SEM studies because of the difficulty in preserving such organisms in a normal state. This study demonstrates 1) the successful use of SEM on such tissue, and 2) the unique arrangement of batteries of nematocysts within large epitheliomuscular cells on tentacles of Hydra littoralis.Whole specimens of Hydra were prepared for SEM (Figs. 1 and 2) by the fix, freeze-dry, coat technique of Small and Màrszalek. The specimens were fixed in osmium tetroxide and mercuric chloride, freeze-dried in vacuo on a prechilled 1 Kg brass block, and coated with gold-palladium. Tissues for TEM (Figs. 3 and 4) were fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. Scanning micrographs were taken on a Cambridge Stereoscan Mark II A microscope at 10 KV and transmission micrographs were taken on an RCA EMU 3G microscope (Fig. 3) or on a Hitachi HU 11B microscope (Fig. 4).

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Enhancement of Heat Transfer Performance in Nuclear Fuel Rod Using Nanofluids and Surface Roughness Technique

Volume 8B: Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering ◽

10.1115/imece2015-51476 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kang Liu ◽

Titan C. Paul ◽

Leo A. Carrilho ◽

Jamil A. Khan

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽

Transfer Coefficient ◽

Nuclear Fuel ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Pressurized Water ◽

Bulk Fluid ◽

Fuel Rod ◽

Dimensional Surface

The experimental investigations were carried out of a pressurized water nuclear reactor (PWR) with enhanced surface using different concentration (0.5 and 2.0 vol%) of ZnO/DI-water based nanofluids as a coolant. The experimental setup consisted of a flow loop with a nuclear fuel rod section that was heated by electrical current. The fuel rod surfaces were termed as two-dimensional surface roughness (square transverse ribbed surface) and three-dimensional surface roughness (diamond shaped blocks). The variation in temperature of nuclear fuel rod was measured along the length of a specified section. Heat transfer coefficient was calculated by measuring heat flux and temperature differences between surface and bulk fluid. The experimental results of nanofluids were compared with the coolant as a DI-water data. The maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement was achieved 33% at Re = 1.15 × 105 for fuel rod with three-dimensional surface roughness using 2.0 vol% nanofluids compared to DI-water.

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DISCRETE AND CONTINUUM APPROACHES TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM GRAVITY

Modern Physics Letters A ◽

10.1142/s0217732391004140 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 06 (39) ◽

pp. 3591-3600 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

HIROSI OOGURI ◽

NAOKI SASAKURA

Keyword(s):

Gauge Theory ◽

Moduli Space ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Analogue Model ◽

Gauge Invariant ◽

Invariant Functions ◽

Dimensional Lattice ◽

Chern Simons ◽

Dimensional Surface

It is shown that, in the three-dimensional lattice gravity defined by Ponzano and Regge, the space of physical states is isomorphic to the space of gauge-invariant functions on the moduli space of flat SU(2) connections over a two-dimensional surface, which gives physical states in the ISO(3) Chern–Simons gauge theory. To prove this, we employ the q-analogue of this model defined by Turaev and Viro as a regularization to sum over states. A recent work by Turaev suggests that the q-analogue model itself may be related to an Euclidean gravity with a cosmological constant proportional to 1/k2, where q=e2πi/(k+2).

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Dynamic Three-Dimensional Surface Reconstruction Approach for Continuously Deformed Objects

IEEE Photonics Journal ◽

10.1109/jphot.2021.3052932 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Jianhua Wang ◽

Yanxi Yang ◽

Yuguo Zhou

Keyword(s):

Surface Reconstruction ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Surface

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