To determine the relationship between blood pressure (BP) variability and the open-loop frequency domain transfer function (TF) of the baroreflexes, we measured the pre- and postsinoaortic denervation (SAD) spectra and the effects of periodic and step inputs to the aortic depressor nerve and isolated carotid sinus of central nervous system-intact, neuromuscular-blocked (NMB) rats. Similar to previous results in freely moving rats, SAD greatly increased very low frequency (VLF) (0.01–0.2 Hz) systolic blood pressure (SBP) noise power. Step response-frequency measurements for SBP; interbeat interval (IBI); venous pressure; mesenteric, femoral, and skin blood flow; and direct modulation analyses of SBP showed that only VLF variability could be substantially attenuated by an intact baroreflex. The −3-dB frequency for SBP is 0.035–0.056 Hz; femoral vascular conductance is similar to SBP, but mesenteric vascular conductance has a reliably lower and IBI has a reliably higher −3-dB point. The overall open-loop transportation lag, of which ≤0.1 s is neural, is ≈1.07 s. Constrained algebraic solution, over a range of frequencies, of the pre- and postSAD endogenous noise spectra and the independently determined relative frequency and absolute lag measurements was used to calculate the absolute gain for the open-loop TF. The average gain at 0.02 Hz, the frequency of maximum sensitivity, was 1.47 (95% confidence interval = ±0.48), which agrees well with estimates for the dog reversible sinus. We found that, in the NMB rat, the effects of SAD on the BP noise spectrum were accounted for by the open-loop properties of the baroreflex.
Algebraic Solution to Constrained Bi-Criteria Decision Problem of Rating Alternatives through Pairwise Comparisons
