Team Pattern Recognition: Sharing Cognitive Chunks Under Time Pressure

Abstract Background Suboptimal information display in electronic health records (EHRs) is a notorious pain point for users. Designing an effective display is difficult, due in part to the complex and varied nature of clinical practice. Objective This article aims to understand the goals, constraints, frustrations, and mental models of inpatient medical providers when accessing EHR data, to better inform the display of clinical information. Methods A multidisciplinary ethnographic study of inpatient medical providers. Results Our participants' primary goal was usually to assemble a clinical picture around a given question, under the constraints of time pressure and incomplete information. To do so, they tend to use a mental model of multiple layers of abstraction when thinking of patients and disease; they prefer immediate pattern recognition strategies for answering clinical questions, with breadth-first or depth-first search strategies used subsequently if needed; and they are sensitive to data relevance, completeness, and reliability when reading a record. Conclusion These results conflict with the ubiquitous display design practice of separating data by type (test results, medications, notes, etc.), a mismatch that is known to encumber efficient mental processing by increasing both navigation burden and memory demands on users. A popular and obvious solution is to select or filter the data to display exactly what is presumed to be relevant to the clinical question, but this solution is both brittle and mistrusted by users. A less brittle approach that is more aligned with our users' mental model could use abstraction to summarize details instead of filtering to hide data. An abstraction-based approach could allow clinicians to more easily assemble a clinical picture, to use immediate pattern recognition strategies, and to adjust the level of displayed detail to their particular needs. It could also help the user notice unanticipated patterns and to fluidly shift attention as understanding evolves.

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Understanding the primary care paradigm: an experiential learning focus of the early veterinary graduate

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.104268 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 181 (18) ◽

pp. 480-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

William H R Dixon ◽

Tierney Kinnison ◽

Stephen A May

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Pattern Recognition ◽

General Practice ◽

Experiential Learning ◽

Clinical Reasoning ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Clinical Skills ◽

Transition To Practice ◽

Veterinary Profession ◽

Key Skills

At a time where high levels of stress are reported in the veterinary profession, this study explores the challenges that veterinary graduates encounter when they enter general (first opinion) practice. Participants had written reflective accounts of their ‘Most Puzzling Cases’ for the postgraduate Professional Key Skills module of the Certificate in Advanced Veterinary Practice, offered by the Royal Veterinary College. Reasons that a case was puzzling, or became challenging, were thematically analysed. Fifteen summaries were analysed. Three core themes were identified: ‘clinical reasoning’, centred on the limitations of pattern recognition and the methods used to overcome this; the ‘veterinary healthcare system’, focusing on the need for continuity of care, time pressure and support in the transition to practice; and the ‘owner’, looking at the broader clinical skills needed to succeed in general practice. Clinical reasoning was raised as an issue; discussion of when pattern recognition is not appropriate and what to do in these cases was common. A lack of experience in general practice case types, and how to best operate in the resource-constrained environment in which they present, is the likely cause of this, suggesting that a greater focus on the primary care paradigm is needed within veterinary education.

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Software pattern recognition applied to nanodiffraction patterns from a STEM instrument

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010014484x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 694-695

Author(s):

G.Y. Fan ◽

J.M. Cowley

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Pattern Recognition ◽

Computer Software ◽

Processing System ◽

Light Level ◽

Host Computer ◽

Low Light ◽

Image Processing System ◽

Recent Developments ◽

On Line

In recent developments, the ASU HB5 has been modified so that the timing, positioning, and scanning of the finely focused electron probe can be entirely controlled by a host computer. This made the asynchronized handshake possible between the HB5 STEM and the image processing system which consists of host computer (PDP 11/34), DeAnza image processor (IP 5000) which is interfaced with a low-light level TV camera, array processor (AP 400) and various peripheral devices. This greatly facilitates the pattern recognition technique initiated by Monosmith and Cowley. Software called NANHB5 is under development which, instead of employing a set of photo-diodes to detect strong spots on a TV screen, uses various software techniques including on-line fast Fourier transform (FFT) to recognize patterns of greater complexity, taking advantage of the sophistication of our image processing system and the flexibility of computer software.

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Bayesian removal of noise for increased sensitivity in vector pattern recognition lattice imaging of interfaces

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100150800 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 994-995

Author(s):

L. Fei ◽

P. Fraundorf

Keyword(s):

Pattern Recognition ◽

Perfect Crystal ◽

Unit Cell ◽

Ion Milling ◽

Beam Radiation ◽

Major Interest ◽

Unit Cells ◽

Mapping Process ◽

Increased Sensitivity ◽

Electron Microscopes

Interface structure is of major interest in microscopy. With high resolution transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) and scanning probe microscopes, it is possible to reveal structure of interfaces in unit cells, in some cases with atomic resolution. A. Ourmazd et al. proposed quantifying such observations by using vector pattern recognition to map chemical composition changes across the interface in TEM images with unit cell resolution. The sensitivity of the mapping process, however, is limited by the repeatability of unit cell images of perfect crystal, and hence by the amount of delocalized noise, e.g. due to ion milling or beam radiation damage. Bayesian removal of noise, based on statistical inference, can be used to reduce the amount of non-periodic noise in images after acquisition. The basic principle of Bayesian phase-model background subtraction, according to our previous study, is that the optimum (rms error minimizing strategy) Fourier phases of the noise can be obtained provided the amplitudes of the noise is given, while the noise amplitude can often be estimated from the image itself.

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Deciding the Adequacy of a Set of Tests for an Specific Assessment Situation. Decision-making Strategies

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.12.1.14 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 14-22

Author(s):

R. Esteve ◽

A. Godoy

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Response Mode ◽

Information Load ◽

Variable Pattern ◽

Mode Effects ◽

Moderator Effects ◽

Specific Assessment ◽

Information Board ◽

Decision Importance

The aim of the present paper was to test the effects of response mode (choice vs. judgment) on decision-making strategies when subjects were faced with the task of deciding the adequacy of a set of tests for a specific assessment situation. Compared with choice, judgment was predicted to lead to more information sought, more time spent on the task, a less variable pattern of search, and a greater amount of interdimensional search. Three variables hypothesized as potential moderators of the response mode effects are also studied: time pressure, information load and decision importance. Using an information board, 300 subjects made decisions (choices and judgments) on tests for a concrete assessment situation, under high or low time pressure, high or low information load, and high or low decision importance. Response mode produced strong effects on all measures of decision behavior except for pattern of search. Moderator effects occurred for time pressure and information load.

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Speeded Paper-Pencil Sustained Attention and Mental Speed Tests

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001.29.4.205 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 205-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Stefan Krumm ◽

Lothar Schmidt-Atzert ◽

Kurt Michalczyk ◽

Vanessa Danthiir

Keyword(s):

Sustained Attention ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Factor Model ◽

Higher Order ◽

Future Research ◽

Perceptual Speed ◽

Speed Factor ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Task Processing ◽

Order Factor

Mental speed (MS) and sustained attention (SA) are theoretically distinct constructs. However, tests of MS are very similar to SA tests that use time pressure as an impeding condition. The performance in such tasks largely relies on the participants’ speed of task processing (i.e., how quickly and correctly one can perform the simple cognitive tasks). The present study examined whether SA and MS are empirically the same or different constructs. To this end, 24 paper-pencil and computerized tests were administered to 199 students. SA turned out to be highly related to MS task classes: substitution and perceptual speed. Furthermore, SA showed a very close relationship with the paper-pencil MS factor. The correlation between SA and computerized speed was considerably lower but still high. In a higher-order general speed factor model, SA had the highest loading on the higher-order factor; the higher-order factor explained 88% of SA variance. It is argued that SA (as operationalized with tests using time pressure as an impeding condition) and MS cannot be differentiated, at the level of broad constructs. Implications for neuropsychological assessment and future research are discussed.

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