Evolution strategy classification utilizing meta features and domain-specific statistical a priori models for fully-automated and entire segmentation of medical datasets in 3D radiology

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zwettler ◽  
Werner Backfrieder
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Evolution Strategy ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Strategy Classification

scholarly journals Intra-Storm Pattern Recognition through Fuzzy Clustering

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Vantas ◽  
Epaminondas Sidiropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Clustering ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Runoff Modeling ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Rainfall Patterns

The identification and recognition of temporal rainfall patterns is important and useful not only for climatological studies, but mainly for supporting rainfall–runoff modeling and water resources management. Clustering techniques applied to rainfall data provide meaningful ways for producing concise and inclusive pattern classifications. In this paper, a timeseries of rainfall data coming from the Greek National Bank of Hydrological and Meteorological Information are delineated to independent rainstorms and subjected to cluster analysis, in order to identify and extract representative patterns. The computational process is a custom-developed, domain-specific algorithm that produces temporal rainfall patterns using common characteristics from the data via fuzzy clustering in which (a) every storm may belong to more than one cluster, allowing for some equivocation in the data, (b) the number of the clusters is not assumed known a priori but is determined solely from the data and, finally, (c) intra-storm and seasonal temporal distribution patterns are produced. Traditional classification methods include prior empirical knowledge, while the proposed method is fully unsupervised, not presupposing any external elements and giving results superior to the former.

The Anthropology of Misfortune and Cognitive Science. Examples from the Ivory Coast Senufo

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Alice Sindzingre
Keyword(s):  
Ivory Coast ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Social Anthropology ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Causal Status ◽  
Traditional Societies

The ArgumentThis paper applies the approach developed by the congnitive sciences to a classical field of social anthropology—i.e., the analysis of represetations and behaviors relative to misfortune in “traditional” societies.The initial argument is that the conceptual division and the modes of description and explanation of anthropology suffer from serious weaknesses: these concepts cannot serve to understand empirical phenomena (utterances and/or behavior); they rely on a confused and erroneous conception of the different domains involved and the causalities between them; and they use simplistic hypotheses about the existence and causal status of the entities that usually form the ultima ratio of anthropological reasoning (e.g., lineage organization, ancestors, witchcraft, etc.). These entities would directly “cause” other individual representations or behaviors. This simplification also affects the analysis of states of belief in these entities, to which individuals would supposedly “adhere”.I argue here that the cognitivist approach, within a “methodological individualism” framework, provides a more adequate description of phenomena observed in the field. This enables the various levels and domains to be more finely defined. The analysis of “typical” utterances and inferences in a “tranditional” society, the Senufo of the Ivory Coast, is here used to clarify these anthropological problems. Two levels can be distinguished: (1) a priori representations, which are underdetermined, enabling them to occur within valid inferences; (2) perception and/or action, which obeys different cognitive constraints. The existential status of unobservable entities appearing in causal inferences is not equivalent (“symmetrical”) depending on whether they are determined as antecedent or consequent.This paper suggests a theory of interpretive processes and beliefs having flexible references, because they are incomplete and domain-specific. It allows a comparison with facts observed in Western societies. It is also in contrast to the ordinary conception of religious states of belief — i.e., these states would be purely psychological, states of “adherence,” collective, autonomous, obligatory, part of a systemized set of knowledge; collective notions (of God, church, etc.) would here logically precede individual representations.

scholarly journals Analysis of novel domain-specific mutations in the zebrafish ndr2/cyclops gene generated using CRISPR-Cas9 RNPs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Turner ◽  
Reagan S. Andersen ◽  
Ivy E. Bookout ◽  
Lauren N. Brashear ◽  
James C. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Small Indels ◽  
Domain Specific

AbstractNodal-related protein (ndr2) is a member of the transforming growth factor type β superfamily of factors and is required for ventral midline patterning of the embryonic central nervous system in zebrafish. In humans, mutations in the gene encoding nodal cause holoprosencephaly and heterotaxy. Mutations in the ndr2 gene in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) lead to similar phenotypes, including loss of the medial floor plate, severe deficits in ventral forebrain development, and cyclopia. Alleles of the ndr2 gene have been useful in studying patterning of ventral structures of the central nervous system. Fifteen different ndr2 alleles have been reported in zebrafish, of which eight were generated using chemical mutagenesis, four were radiation-induced, and the remaining alleles were obtained via random insertion, gene targeting (TALEN), or unknown methods. Therefore, most mutation sites were random and could not be predicted a priori. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system from Streptococcus pyogenes, we targeted distinct regions in all three exons of zebrafish ndr2 and observed cyclopia in the injected (G0) embryos. We show that the use of sgRNA-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes can cause penetrant cyclopic phenotypes in injected (G0) embryos. Targeted PCR amplicon analysis using Sanger sequencing showed that most of the alleles had small indels resulting in frameshifts. The sequence information correlates with the loss of ndr2 activity. In this study, we validate multiple CRISPR targets using an in vitro nuclease assay and in vivo analysis using embryos. We describe one specific mutant allele resulting in loss of conserved terminal cysteine-coding sequences. This study is another demonstration of the utility of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in generating domain- specific mutations and provides further insights into the structure-function of the ndr2 gene.

Evidence for a domain-specific deficit in developmental dyslexia

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck Ramus
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
The Core

Thomas & Karmiloff-Smith (T&K-S) claim that “Residual Normality” is a priori unlikely, that is, that specific cognitive deficits should not exist in developmental disorders. Here I review evidence that a specific cognitive deficit is at the core of developmental dyslexia and I provide a possible neurological account thereof.

The state of emergentism in second language acquisition

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Gregg
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The State ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
The Mind

‘Emergentism’ is the name that has recently been given to a general approach to cognition that stresses the interaction between organism and environment and that denies the existence of pre-determined, domain-specific faculties or capacities. Emergentism thus offers itself as an alternative to modular, ‘special nativist’ theories of the mind, such as theories of Universal Grammar (UG). In language acquisition, emergentists claim that simple learning mechanisms, of the kind attested elsewhere in cognition, are sufficient to bring about the emergence of complex language representations. In this article, I consider, and reject, several a priori arguments often raised against ‘special nativism’. I then look at some of the arguments and evidence for an emergentist account of second language acquisition (SLA), and show that emergentists have so far failed to take into account, let alone defeat, standard Poverty of the Stimulus arguments for ‘special nativism’, and have equally failed to show how language competence could ‘emerge’.

scholarly journals Differentiated nomological networks of internalizing, externalizing, and the general factor of psychopathology (‘p factor’) in emerging adolescence in the ABCD study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Brislin ◽  
Meghan E. Martz ◽  
Sonalee Joshi ◽  
Elizabeth R. Duval ◽  
Arianna Gard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
A Priori ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
P Factor

Abstract Background Structural models of psychopathology consistently identify internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) specific factors as well as a superordinate factor that captures their shared variance, the p factor. Questions remain, however, about the meaning of these data-driven dimensions and the interpretability and distinguishability of the larger nomological networks in which they are embedded. Methods The sample consisted of 10 645 youth aged 9–10 years participating in the multisite Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. p, INT, and EXT were modeled using the parent-rated Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Patterns of associations were examined with variables drawn from diverse domains including demographics, psychopathology, temperament, family history of substance use and psychopathology, school and family environment, and cognitive ability, using instruments based on youth-, parent-, and teacher-report, and behavioral task performance. Results p exhibited a broad pattern of statistically significant associations with risk variables across all domains assessed, including temperament, neurocognition, and social adversity. The specific factors exhibited more domain-specific patterns of associations, with INT exhibiting greater fear/distress and EXT exhibiting greater impulsivity. Conclusions In this largest study of hierarchical models of psychopathology to date, we found that p, INT, and EXT exhibit well-differentiated nomological networks that are interpretable in terms of neurocognition, impulsivity, fear/distress, and social adversity. These networks were, in contrast, obscured when relying on the a priori Internalizing and Externalizing dimensions of the CBCL scales. Our findings add to the evidence for the validity of p, INT, and EXT as theoretically and empirically meaningful broad psychopathology liabilities.

scholarly journals LINKDALE: A LIGHTWEIGHT LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR (GEOSPATIAL) LINKED DATA

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W8 ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
S. Ronzhin ◽  
G. Bosch ◽  
E. Folmer ◽  
R. Lemmens
Keyword(s):  
Linked Data ◽  
Query Language ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sparql Query ◽  
Design Consideration ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Description Framework ◽  
Resource Description

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Modern software tools for managing Linked Data are often designed for skilled users. Therefore, they cannot be used for education purposes because they require substantial a priori knowledge about the Resource Description Framework and the SPARQL query language. LinkDaLe is a single page application designed to teach students the concept of Linked Data and work with linked data at the same time. In the paper we showcase the interface and functionality of LinkDaLe by triplifying data on Geo4All member organizations. The application was built and evaluated within The Business Process Integration Lab, a master programme course in 2016 and 2017 years. Positive feedback from both students and teachers proved the relevance of the proposed design consideration. LinkDaLe showed usability working with domain specific data e.g. geospatial and logistic data.</p>

scholarly journals Differentiated Nomological Networks of Internalizing, Externalizing, and the General Factor of Psychopathology (“P factor”) in Emerging Adolescence in the ABCD study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Brislin ◽  
Meghan E. Martz ◽  
Sonalee Joshi ◽  
Elizabeth R. Duval ◽  
Arianna M Gard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
A Priori ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
P Factor

Introduction: Structural models of psychopathology consistently identify internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) specific factors as well as a superordinate factor that captures their shared variance, the P factor. Questions remain, however, about meaning of these data-driven dimensions and the interpretability and distinguishability of the larger nomological networks in which they are embedded. Methods: The sample consisted of 11,875 youth aged 9 to 10 years participating in the multisite Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. P, INT, and EXT were modeled using the parent-rated Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Patterns of associations were examined with variables drawn from diverse domains including: demographics, psychopathology, temperament, family history of substance use and psychopathology, school and family environment, and cognitive ability, using instruments based on youth-, parent-, and teacher-report and behavioral task performance.Results: P exhibited a broad pattern of statistically significant associations with risk variables across all domains assessed, including temperament, neurocognition, and social adversity. The specific factors exhibited more domain-specific patterns of associations, with INT exhibiting greater fear/distress and EXT exhibiting greater impulsivity. Conclusions: In this largest study of hierarchical models of psychopathology to date, we found that P, INT, and EXT exhibit well differentiated nomological networks that are interpretable in terms of neurocognition, impulsivity, fear/distress, and social adversity. These networks were, in contrast, obscured when relying on the a priori internalizing and externalizing dimensions of the CBCL scales. Our findings add to the evidence for the validity of P, INT, and EXT as theoretically and empirically meaningful broad psychopathology liabilities.

scholarly journals 3184 Development of a Leadership Assessment Scale in Translational Science

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
pp. 131-131
Author(s):  
Roger Vaughan ◽  
Rhonda G Kost ◽  
Donna Brassil ◽  
Michelle Romanick ◽  
Barry S. Coller
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Leadership Assessment ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
Delphi Approach ◽  
Summary Scale ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Science Educators

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To create the instrument, we employed a modified Delphi approach by conducting a thorough literature review on Leadership to help concretize the relevant constructs, and then usied these extracted constructs as a springboard for the Rockefeller Team Science Educators (TSE’s) to discuss and refine the leadership domain areas, collectively creating domain-specific survey items, and then further discussed and refining the number, grouping, and wording of the items. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We piloted the Leadership Survey by having all of the Rockefeller TSEs rate Clinical Scholars. Each item was answered using a six-point Likert scale where a low score indicated poor expression of the specific leadership attribute and a high score represented excellent expression of the specific leadership attribute. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Means, medians, standard deviations, and ranges of each item were calculated and tabulated. A complete (Pearson) correlation matrix was computed so that the raw inter-item relationships can be observed. For each a priori Domain an equal weighted summary scale was created and tabulated for review. The internal consistency of each a priori scale was assessed by calculating Cronbach’s Alpha (α). Items with low Item to Construct coefficients were candidates for elimination or modification, and overall scales with low’s will undergo further discussion. To challenge our assumptions of the construction and integrity of each domain, we employed exploratory Principal Components Analysis (PCA), followed by orthogonally rotated Factor Analysis (FA). We also forced the PCA / FA analysis to extract the a priori dimensions that allowed us to compare if the empirical and a priori structures match. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We are partnering with the CTSA programs at Penn and Yale to assess issues of generalizability and scalability. We are working with Vanderbilt to install survey onto REDCap for ease of dissemination. Will continue to assess psychometric properties and refine as we receive more input.

Application of cross correlation to HREM images of surfaces

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 754-755
Author(s):  
D. E. Luzzi ◽  
L. D. Marks ◽  
M. I. Buckett
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
Fourier Filtering ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Data Reduction Technique

As the HREM becomes increasingly used for the study of dynamic localized phenomena, the development of techniques to recover the desired information from a real image is important. Often, the important features are not strongly scattering in comparison to the matrix material in addition to being masked by statistical and amorphous noise. The desired information will usually involve the accurate knowledge of the position and intensity of the contrast. In order to decipher the desired information from a complex image, cross-correlation (xcf) techniques can be utilized. Unlike other image processing methods which rely on data massaging (e.g. high/low pass filtering or Fourier filtering), the cross-correlation method is a rigorous data reduction technique with no a priori assumptions.We have examined basic cross-correlation procedures using images of discrete gaussian peaks and have developed an iterative procedure to greatly enhance the capabilities of these techniques when the contrast from the peaks overlap.

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