Analysis of Factors Affecting PM2.5 Concentration in the Mountainous Areas of Japan Through Ground Observations and Simulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makiko Nakata ◽  
Tatsuaki Moriyama ◽  
Itaru Sano ◽  
Sonoyo Mukai
Keyword(s):  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

scholarly journals Compressor type engine brake

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
V.V. Verbitskiy ◽  
◽  
V.M. Pogosyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Compression Stroke ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Braking Torque

The accident rate in road transport remains unacceptably high, and in order to reduce it, it is nec-essary to take into account all the factors affecting this process. In this regard, the process of long-term braking deserves special attention, which negative processes require the creation of additional braking systems (retarder brakes) for vehicles operating in mountainous areas, primarily in the field of passenger transportation. Transmission retarder brakes that provide sufficient braking performance have a number of dis-advantages that inhibit their use. Existing engine retarder brakes provide insufficient deceleration, and studies were carried out at the Kuban State Agrarian University (KubSAU) to improve their efficiency. After a theoretical analysis, the compressor brake mode was experimentally investigated. The in-creased pressure was created in the intake manifold and at the end of the compression stroke, air from the cylinder was released through a special valve back into the system, due to which the brak-ing effect was created. The carried out experiments confirmed the possibility of a significant increase in the engine braking torque in the compressor brake mode, when both valves are closed - the exhaust after the exhaust manifold and the intake in front of the carburetor, and compressed air is supplied to the in-take manifold at different pressures. Then the braking torque increases in comparison with engine braking by more than 3 times.

scholarly journals Development of the structure, survey and design of the equatorial overpass of the General Planetary Vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-216
Author(s):  
Anatoli E. Unitsky ◽  
Dmitriy I. Bochkaryov ◽  
Sergey V. Artyushevsky
Keyword(s):  
Rail Transport ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Supporting Structure ◽  
Functional Areas ◽  
Significant Factors

The runway for the General Planetary Vehicle is a unique in scale and complexity infrastructural construction - an overpass with a length of 40 000 km, covering the planet along the equator and combined with a string-rail transport of the second level. This high-tech structure is a supporting structure for the General Planetary Vehicle and a communication artery that ensures the movement of passengers and goods, as well as the transfer of large amounts of energy and information. The article discusses the location of the overpass in the plan, indicates the most difficult sections and ways to overcome them. The options for the layout of the General Planetary Vehicle overpass are proposed, the main functional areas and structural elements are described. Significant factors affecting the implementation of the project, the problems inevitable in the development of the main elements, as well as solutions to optimize this transport and infrastructure complex have been identified. Solutions were proposed to optimize the overpass routing to overcome mountainous areas of the earths surface, considering the required takeoff and landing characteristics of the General Planetary Vehicle.

scholarly journals Deformation Behavior of Mining beneath Flat and Sloping Terrains in Mountainous Areas

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Zhao Jianjun ◽  
Wan Xun ◽  
Shi Yanbing ◽  
Wei Jiangbo ◽  
Min Lee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Particle Flow Code ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sloping Surface ◽  
Sloping Terrain ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Vertical Subsidence

Slope structures and surface terrains are two significant factors affecting the deformation behavior of mining slopes in mountainous areas. This research is aimed at investigating the deformation characteristics of a mining slope wielding Particle Flow Code (PFC), with 9 different mining configurations (i.e., horizontal distance from extracted panel center to slope shoulder, D = −200 m, −150 m, −100 m, −50 m, 0 m, 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m). A representative slope in Faer Town, Liupanshui City, Guizhou Province, China, was selected, which was characterized by soft and hard interbedded rock strata. The results indicated that the overlying rock mass tended to move towards the sloping surface with mining beneath sloping terrain, which brought an asymmetrical subsidence funnel, and formed a wider relative disturbance range on the slope surface. With the vertical subsidence increasing additionally, the stability of the overall slope deteriorated. A safe mining range should be proposed based on evaluating the time-dependent deformation behavior at the slope shoulder and the overall slope stability.

scholarly journals PREDICTION OF PM2.5 CONCENTRATIONS USING TEMPERATURE INVERSION EFFECTS BASED ON AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-2/W3 ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Bahari ◽  
R. A. Abbaspour ◽  
P. Pahlavani
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

Today, air pollutant is a big challenge for busy and big cities due to its direct effect on both human health and the environment. Tehran, as the capital city of Iran, concludes 12 million people and is one of the most polluted cities in Iran. According to the reports, the main cause of Tehran's pollution is particle matters. The main factors affecting the density and distribution of pollution in Tehran are topography, traffic, and meteorological parameters including wind speed and direction, environment temperature, cloud cover, relative humidity, the sunshine overs a day, the rainfall, pressure, and temperature inversion. To help the urban management of Tehran, in this paper, a novel method is proposed to predicted PM2.5 concentration for upcoming 72 hours. The results show that the proposed model has high capability in predicting PM2.5 concentration and the achieved statistic coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) was equal to 0.61&ndash;0.79, which indicates the goodness of fit of our proposed model supports the prediction of PM2.5 concentration.

scholarly journals Study of indoor PM2.5 distribution characteristics and optimal location for its monitoring in an office

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Guoxiang Hong ◽  
Chunhui Liao ◽  
Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Optimal Location ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Monitoring Point ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems ◽  
Indoor Pm2.5 ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

With the appearance of the word “haze” in China, PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) that can enter occupants' lungs has become a public topic of discussion. Today, the indoor PM2.5 or fine particulate concentration has become one of important factors affecting indoor air quality (IAQ). How to properly monitor indoor PM2.5 is an urgent issue to be discussed and solved. At present, sampling is adopted to know PM2.5 concentration in a room, and Chinese related standard required the sampling time for indoor PM2.5 is at least 8 hours. However, the sampling method takes too much time, and the HVAC system cannot react in real time such as increasing the fresh air volume with increase of indoor PM2.5 concentration. So, there is a great need to find an optimal location for continuous PM2.5 monitoring. Before finding the monitoring point, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of indoor PM2.5 concentration are needed to be known. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to simulate airflow and dispersion of PM2.5 in rooms with different scales, functions and ventilations. This paper will contribute to find the optimal location which could preferably describe indoor PM2.5 concentration in an office combined with experimental research and CFD simulation. In short, the aim of the paper is to reveal the spatial-temporal characteristics of indoor PM2.5 concentration distribution and optimize the layout of PM2.5 monitoring points for air conditioning systems to better control indoor contaminate PM2.5 concentration.

scholarly journals The Effect of Socioeconomic Factors on Spatiotemporal Patterns of PM2.5 Concentration in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region and Surrounding Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenting Wang ◽  
Lijun Zhang ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Mengge Qi ◽  
Fengrui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Error ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinants ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Environmental Air ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

The study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of PM2.5 concentration in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and surrounding areas during 2015–2017, and then analyzed its socioeconomic determinants. First, an estimation model considering spatiotemporal heterogeneous relationships was developed to accurately estimate the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration. Additionally, socioeconomic determinants of PM2.5 concentration were analyzed using a spatial panel Dubin model, which aimed to improve the robustness of the model estimation. The results demonstrated that: (1) The proposed model significantly increased the estimation accuracy of PM2.5 concentration. The mean absolute error and root-mean-square error were 9.21 μg/m3 and 13.10 μg/m3, respectively. (2) PM2.5 concentration in the study area exhibited significant spatiotemporal changes. Although the PM2.5 concentration has declined year by year, it still exceeded national environmental air quality standards. (3) The per capita GDP, urbanization rate and number of industrial enterprises above the designated size were the key factors affecting the spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5 concentration. This study provided scientific references for comprehensive PM2.5 pollution control in the study area.

scholarly journals Dostępność rolnicza Beskidów = The agricultural accessibility of the Beskid Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Zofia Joanna Jabs ◽  
Andrzej Affek
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cost Distance ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Polish Carpathians ◽  
Main Factors

Spatial accessibility is usually understood in relation to the possibility of a specific location being reached from another location (Guzik, 2014). It is one of the main factors affecting land use and land-use changes (Hansen, 1959; Prishchepov et al., 2013) in relation to which the greatest variation is to be observed in mountainous areas (Jobe & White, 2009). The aim of the study detailed here was thus to identify variation in the spatial accessibility of mountainous areas in terms of their being used in agriculture. The problem of agricultural accessibility is here exemplified by three mesoregions of the Polish Carpathians, i.e. the Bieszczady Mts., Low Beskid Mts. and Sanok-Turka Mts. These are all areas in which spatial accessibility and landscape structure have changed markedly over the last 70 years. Cost of access in these areas was calculated by assigning resistance values to each distance unit, in relation to land-cover type and slope. To generate an output raster, use was made of a cost-distance algorithm implemented in ArcGIS. The research described here gave rise to a figure presenting the agricultural accessibility of the study area. Very varied accessibility was demonstrated, both in the research area as a whole and between mesoregions. Results obtained were compared with values for currently used arable fields. Areas accessible to agriculture were also identified, and compared with the distribution of arable fields actually in existence.

scholarly journals Research Advances of Leptotrombidium scutellare in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Rong Xiang ◽  
Xian-Guo Guo
Keyword(s):  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Isozyme Spectrum ◽  
Low Precipitation

Leptotrombidium scutellare is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. It has been found in more than 15 provinces of China. Especially in Yunnan, it was found to be mainly distributed in some mountainous areas with high altitude, low temperature and low precipitation. Rodents and some other small mammals were the most common hosts of L. scutellare. To date, more than 40 host species of L. scutellare have been recorded with very low host specificity, and the main hosts varied in different geographical regions. L. scutellare had a strong resistance against the cold environment, and the temperature and humidity were 2 important factors affecting its growth and development. Among different individuals of their rodent hosts, L. scutellare mites often showed an aggregated distribution pattern, which reflected the interspecific cooperation of the mites. The chromosome karyotype of L. scutellare was 2n=16 and all the 8 pairs of chromosomes were short rod-shaped with metacentric or sub-metacentric types. The isozyme spectrum supported that L. scutellare, L. deliense and L. rubellum were in the same species group. Based on the natural infection, experimental transmission and epidemiological evidence, L. scutellare has been eventually confirmed as the second major vector of scrub typhus in China, which is second only to L. deliense.

Research on the Traffic Safety on the Section of Expressway with Crosswind in Mountainous Area

2014 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
Zheng Yi Zhang ◽  
Gao Lu Qian ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Ling Wu
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Security Issues

When we drive vehicle on expressway in the mountainous areas, there are many factors affecting driving safety. Especially when we drive at a high speed, pneumatic lateral force under the effect of horizontal wind will cause wheels cornering and unsteady steering, which affects the safety of driving. Based on the driving characteristics on the section of expressway with crosswind in mountainous areas, and three security issues that are vehicle roll, cornering and sideslip under the action of crosswind, this paper gives the various speed limit and proposes effective measures to ensure traffic safety, all of which can offer decision-making basis for traffic safety administration of the mountain expressway.

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