This chapter explores the key factors involved in the interaction between religion and globalization. It highlights the roles played by transnational networks, fields, and regimes, as well as migrant and religious diasporas, mass culture, and electronic media in the global circulation and appropriation of religious practices, beliefs, symbols, artifacts, and identities. Using the examples of religious networks associated with Islam, Hinduism, and Christianities, the chapter also argues that while the economic dimensions of religion in a context of globalization are central, the dynamics of global religious fields cannot be reduced to those of the world capitalist system. Religious flows and networks are multi-directional. There is thus a need to develop interdisciplinary and multi-sited approaches to these flows and networks, examining the ways in which they challenge fixed center–periphery models and produce alternative power/geometries shaping religious identities, cultures, and embodied as well as spatialized ontologies.
A review on the characteristic of biomass and classification of bioenergy through direct combustion and gasification as an alternative power supply
