8. Mover-Stayer Models for Analyzing Event Nonoccurrence and Event Timing with Time-Dependent Covariates: An Application to an Analysis of Remarriage

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
New Model ◽  
American Women ◽  
Duration Data ◽  
Covariate Effects ◽  
Event Timing ◽  
Time Dependent Covariates

This paper introduces a novel extension of mover-stayer models for duration data that allows time-dependent covariates to be used for both a pair of regression equations, one that identifies the determinants of event timing and one that identifies the determinants of the probability of ultimate event nonoccurrence. Existing models intended to distinguish covariate effects on event timing from those on event nonoccurrence cannot use time-dependent covariates in the equation for the probability of ultimate event nonoccurrence. This paper applies the new model to an analysis of remarriage among American women. The analysis generally demonstrates that some covariates effect remarriage timing while others affect the probability of ultimate remarriage nonoccurrence. Some differences in patterns of remarriage between black women and white women are also reported. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals African American Women and Domestic Violence: Addressing their Voice of Silence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Kennedy ◽  
Chalice Rhodes (Former Jenkins)
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
African American ◽  
Black Women ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Slave Owner ◽  
American Women ◽  
Strong Black Women

Abstract Historically, during slavery, the international slave trade promoted normalization of violence against African American women. During slavery, African American women endured inhuman conditions because of the majority race views of them as being over-sexualized, physically strong, and immoral. This perception of the African American women as being highly sexual and more sexual than white women results in slave owner justifying their sexual violation and degrading of the African American women. The stereotypical representations of African American women as strong, controlling, dangerous, fearless, and invulnerable may interfere with the African American women receiving the needed services for domestic violence in the community. The Strong Black Women Archetype has been dated back to slavery describing their coping mechanism in dealing with oppression by developing a strong, less traditionally female role. The authors developed a model: The Multidimensional Perspectives of Factors Contributing to Domestic Violence of African American Women in the United States. This model depicts historically, the factors contributing to domestic violence of African American women in the United States. Also, this model addressed the African American women subscribing to the Strong Black Women Archetype to cope with domestic violence. Despite the increase in domestic violence in African American women, they focused more on the issue of racism instead of sexism in America. African American women have experienced the two obstacles of racism and sexism in America. However, African American women and men believe racism is more critical than sexism. Therefore, domestic violence in the African American population may remain silent because of cultural loyalty. However, the voice of silence of African American females is gradually changing with the upcoming generations.

The character of womanhood: How African American women’s perceptions of womanhood influence marriage and motherhood

Ethnicities ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Chaney
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black Women ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
American Women ◽  
Written Responses ◽  
The Family ◽  
Women’S Perceptions

This qualitative paper will focus on how black women understand and perceive womanhood, and will explore how black women’s perceptions regarding womanhood shape their attitudes and behaviours toward marriage and motherhood. Using a black feminist approach, I assert that black women’s perceptions of womanhood are not based on European notions as the family structure and experiences of African American women is characteristically different from that of white women. Further, I assert that African American women create a modified version of womanhood based on their education, social class and economic position in relation to black men, and which may, in turn, inform their decisions regarding marriage and motherhood. Specifically, I examine the written responses of fifteen African American women between the ages of 18 and 55 (mean age of 32.6 years) regarding what is expected of them as women. Qualitative analyses of the data revealed that womanhood was defined in terms of feminine attitudes (strength, sensitivity and sensuality) and feminine behaviours (familial care, their own physical appearance and self-respect). In addition, womanhood was demonstrated through a woman’s ability to care for her home and to take the lead in the absence of male leadership. Supporting qualitative data are presented in connection with each theme. Recommendations for future research are also provided.

The African American Female Elite: The Early History of African American Women in the Seven Sister Colleges, 1880–1960

1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Perkins
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
African American Female ◽  
American Women ◽  
University Archives ◽  
Successful Women

The Seven Sister colleges are well known for producing some of the nation's most successful women. At the turn of the century, they were recognized as the leading institutions for elite White women. In this article, Linda Perkins outlines the historical experiences of African American women attending the Seven Sister colleges from the institutions' founding to the civil rights era of the 1960s, a period during which approximately five hundred Black women graduated from these institutions. Through an exploration of university archives, alumni bulletins, and oral interviews with alumnae, Perkins shows that the Seven Sister colleges were not a monolithic entity: some admitted African American women as far back as the turn of the century, while others grudgingly, and only under great pressure, admitted them decades later. Perkins illustrates how the Seven Sister colleges mirrored the views of the larger society concerning race, and how issues of discrimination in admissions, housing, and financial aid in these institutions were influenced by, and had an influence on, the overall African American struggle for full participatory citizenship.

African-American Women Journalists and Their Male Editors: A Tradition of Support

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-286
Author(s):  
Rodger Streitmatter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Black Women ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
White Women ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Women Journalists ◽  
American Women ◽  
Sexist Attitudes

Black women journalists have not been hampered by the sexist attitudes of men to the same degree that white women journalists have been. Since this theme was introduced a century ago, individual case studies have continued to reinforce it. Gertrude Bustill Mossell, Delilah Beasley and Ida B. Wells were nineteenth-century women whose journalistic success was supported by their male editors; Marvel Cooke, Lucile Bluford and Ethel Payne have enjoyed similar relationships in the twentieth century. Factors contributing to this tendency are that African-American women have a tradition of working outside the home, that African-American editors historically have been both journalists and racial activists, and that male editors have tended to treat African-American women journalists much as fathers treat their daughters.

Systemic resistance to the antilipolytic effect of insulin in black and white women with visceral obesity

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. E551-E560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine B. Albu ◽  
Michael Curi ◽  
Meredith Shur ◽  
Laura Murphy ◽  
Dwight E. Matthews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
White Women ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range

This study was designed to determine the role of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation in systemic fat metabolism and to compare this in black and white women who differ in their manifestations of upper body obesity. Systemic glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) turnover rates (rates of appearance, Ra) were measured in the basal state and during a pancreatic euglycemic clamp in nondiabetic, premenopausal, obese black and white women with a wide range of VAT accumulation. The slopes of the regression equations predicting basal and insulin-suppressed RaGlycerol and RaFFA from VAT area, age, and fat mass or fat-free mass did not significantly differ between black and white women. VAT area was the best predictor of the %-suppressed RaGlycerol and RaFFA during the pancreatic clamp (partial r = 0.76, P < 0.0001 and partial r = 0.60, P < 0.05, respectively). Basal RaGlycerol, but not RaFFA, was lower in black than in white women ( P < 0.05). During the clamp, black women showed greater insulin suppression of RaGlycerol than of RaFFA ( P < 0.0001) and greater insulin suppression of RaGlycerol ( P < 0.05) but similar suppression of RaFFA compared with white women. These differences were independent of age, fat mass, or fat-free mass and were partly explained by a lower VAT in black women. Thus, in both races, VAT accumulation was associated with systemic resistance to the antilipolytic effect of insulin and, in obese black women, systemic lipolysis measured as glycerol turnover rate was more responsive to insulin suppression than were systemic FFA turnover rates.

scholarly journals “I’m Supposed To Be Thick”: Managing Body Image Anxieties Among Black American Women

2020 ◽  
pp. 002193472097244
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
White Women ◽  
Black American ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Black Woman ◽  
American Women ◽  
Black American Women

Prior literature on Black women’s body image heavily relies on comparative studies to confirm Black women’s greater body satisfaction relative to white women. Collectively, these studies argue that “cultural buffers” exempt Black women from the thin ideal and instead, encourage women to embrace thickness as a mark of racial pride. And while the literature largely establishes Black women’s preference for a curvaceous figure, I take a different approach by examining women who describe failing to embody thickness and how they reconcile this conflict. Thus, this article asks how women negotiate body dissatisfaction when violating racialized bodily ideals. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 31 Black American women of diverse body sizes and shapes, I demonstrate how women rely on discursive frameworks such as healthism and the “strong Black woman” ideology to reconcile their self-image. While these discourses enable women to defend criticisms of violating thickness, they also participate in stigmatizing other forms of embodiment in their attempts to assuage body dissatisfaction. Overall, these findings reveal Black women’s agency to challenge idealized–and essentialized–notions of thickness that weighed heavily on their body image. Lastly, I discuss the broader implications of my findings within the literature of body politics and offer suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations: African American Women Are at a Disadvantage

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-421
Author(s):  
Murray Rebner ◽  
Vidya R Pai
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
African American ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
White Women ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
American Women ◽  
Younger Age

Abstract Since 1990, breast cancer mortality has decreased by 40% in white women but only 26% in African American women. The age at diagnosis of breast cancer is younger in black women. Breast cancer diagnosed before age 50 represents 23% of all breast cancers in African American women but only 16% of all breast cancers in white women. White women have a higher incidence of breast cancer over the age of 60. Tumor subtypes also vary among racial and ethnic groups. The triple-negative (TN) subtype, which has a poorer outcome and occurs at a younger age, represents 21% of invasive breast cancers in black women but only 10% of invasive breast cancers in white women. The hormone receptor–positive subtype, which is more common in older women and has the best outcome, has a higher incidence in white women (70%) than in black women (61%). The BRCA2 mutation is also more common in black women than in white women (other than those who are of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry). There are also many barriers to screening. Major ones include the lack of contact with a primary health care provider as well as a decreased perceived risk of having breast cancer in the African American population. Given the younger age of onset and the higher incidence of the TN molecular subtype, following breast cancer screening guidelines that do not support screening before the age of 50 may disadvantage black women.

Ethnic Differences in Self-Poisoning Across South London

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-272
Author(s):  
Sean Cross ◽  
Dinesh Bhugra ◽  
Paul I. Dargan ◽  
David M. Wood ◽  
Shaun L. Greene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
White Women ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Managing Risk ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Minority Ethnic

Background: Self-poisoning (overdose) is the commonest form of self-harm cases presenting to acute secondary care services in the UK, where there has been limited investigation of self-harm in black and minority ethnic communities. London has the UK’s most ethnically diverse areas but presents challenges in resident-based data collection due to the large number of hospitals. Aims: To investigate the rates and characteristics of self-poisoning presentations in two central London boroughs. Method: All incident cases of self-poisoning presentations of residents of Lambeth and Southwark were identified over a 12-month period through comprehensive acute and mental health trust data collection systems at multiple hospitals. Analysis was done using STATA 12.1. Results: A rate of 121.4/100,000 was recorded across a population of more than half a million residents. Women exceeded men in all measured ethnic groups. Black women presented 1.5 times more than white women. Gender ratios within ethnicities were marked. Among those aged younger than 24 years, black women were almost 7 times more likely to present than black men were. Conclusion: Self-poisoning is the commonest form of self-harm presentation to UK hospitals but population-based rates are rare. These results have implications for formulating and managing risk in clinical services for both minority ethnic women and men.

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