scholarly journals Remembering in the Context of Internal States: The Role of Sleep for Infant Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Seehagen ◽  
Norbert Zmyj ◽  
Jane S. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Internal States ◽  
Infant Memory

scholarly journals Loss of mGluR5 in D1 Receptor-Expressing Neurons Improves Stress Coping

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7826
Author(s):  
Luca Zangrandi ◽  
Claudia Schmuckermair ◽  
Hussein Ghareh ◽  
Federico Castaldi ◽  
Regine Heilbronn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Internal States

The metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) has been proposed to play a crucial role in the selection and regulation of cognitive, affective, and emotional behaviors. However, the mechanisms by which these receptors mediate these effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we studied the role of mGluR5 located in D1 receptor-expressing (D1) neurons in the manifestation of different behavioral expressions. Mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of mGluR5 in D1 neurons (mGluR5D1 cKO) and littermate controls displayed similar phenotypical profiles in relation to memory expression, anxiety, and social behaviors. However, mGluR5D1 cKO mice presented different coping mechanisms in response to acute escapable or inescapable stress. mGluR5D1 cKO mice adopted an enhanced active stress coping strategy upon exposure to escapable stress in the two-way active avoidance (TWA) task and a greater passive strategy upon exposure to inescapable stress in the forced swim test (FST). In summary, this work provides evidence for a functional integration of the dopaminergic and glutamatergic system to mediate control over internal states upon stress exposure and directly implicates D1 neurons and mGluR5 as crucial mediators of behavioral stress responses.

Exploring entrepreneurial-group formation by smallholder Burundian farmers

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Bélyse Mupfasoni ◽  
Aad Kessler ◽  
Thomas Lans ◽  
Rama Lionel Ngenzebuke
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Top Management Teams ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Farmer Groups

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of specific internal states (i.e. the set of sustainable values and motivations) that underlie group formation and joint business idea identification of farmer groups in the context of Burundi. Design/methodology/approach Quantitative and qualitative data were combined in this study. Quantitative data were analyzed using basic statistics. Qualitative data were collected in focus group discussions with farmer groups. Findings Findings revealed that groups are not just formed on the basis of homophily (same level of internal states) but also on “compensation” and “committed leadership.” Moreover, prior sustainable behavior of members influences sustainability of new group business ideas and the nature (e.g. focus on farming) of that business idea. Research limitations/implications As this study was done at an early stage of group formation and does not include group dynamics over a longer period of time, further monitoring of the groups is needed to examine if the observed motivation persists. Originality/value Although there is a vast amount of literature on entrepreneurial and top management teams, literature on the (early) mechanisms of entrepreneurial group formation in an emerging economy and rural context is relatively scarce.

scholarly journals Distracting stimuli evoke ventral tegmental area responses in rats during ongoing saccharin consumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Z Peters ◽  
Andrew M J Young ◽  
James E McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Licking Behaviour ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Ventral Tegmental ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
External Stimuli

AbstractDisruptions in attention, salience and increased distractibility are implicated in multiple psychiatric conditions. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a potential site for converging information about external stimuli and internal states to be integrated and guide adaptive behaviours. Given the dual role of dopamine signals in both driving ongoing behaviours (e.g. feeding) and monitoring salient environmental stimuli, understanding the interaction between these functions is crucial. Here we investigate VTA neuronal activity during distraction from ongoing feeding. We developed a task to assess distraction exploiting self-paced licking in rats. Rats trained to lick for saccharin were given a distraction test, in which three consecutive licks within 1 second triggered a random distractor (e.g. light and tone stimulus). On each trial they were quantified as distracted or not based on the length of their pauses in licking behaviour. We expressed GCaMP6s in VTA neurons and used fibre photometry to record calcium fluctuations during this task as a proxy for neuronal activity. Distractor stimuli caused rats to interrupt their consumption of saccharin, a behavioural effect which quickly habituated with repeat testing. VTA neural activity showed consistent increases to distractor presentations and, furthermore, these responses were greater on distracted trials compared to non-distracted trials. Interestingly, neural responses show a slower habituation than behaviour with consistent VTA responses seen to distractors even after they are no longer distracting. These data highlight the complex role of the VTA in maintaining ongoing appetitive and consummatory behaviours while also monitoring the environment for salient stimuli.

scholarly journals Moment-to-moment interaction between affectivity and coping behaviours in bipolar disorder and the role of cognitive appraisals

BJPsych Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Hoi-ting Leung ◽  
Suzanne Ho-wai So ◽  
Nate Tsz-Kit Kwok ◽  
Iris Hoi-ching Ng ◽  
Pui-shuen Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Internal States ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Coping Behaviours

Background Individuals with bipolar disorder respond to affective symptoms with a range of coping behaviours, which may further maintain the symptoms. Aims To examine moment-to-moment dynamics between affective states and coping behaviours, and to evaluate the role of cognitive appraisals of internal states as moderators. Method Forty-six individuals with bipolar disorder completed a clinical interview and an experience sampling assessment over 6 days. Time-lagged analyses were conducted by multilevel regression modelling. Results A total of 1807 momentary entries were analysed. Negative affect predicted an increase in rumination at the subsequent time point (β = 0.21, s.e. = 0.08, P = 0.009, 95% CI 0.05–0.36), and vice versa (β = 0.03, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.009, 95% CI 0.01–0.05). Positive affect predicted an increase in adaptive coping (β = 0.26, s.e. = 0.11, P = 0.018, 95% CI 0.04–0.47), and vice versa (β = 0.02, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.019, 95% CI 0.00–0.03). Positive affect also predicted a decrease in rumination (β = −0.15, s.e. = 0.06, P = 0.014, 95% CI −0.26 to −0.03), and vice versa (β = −0.03, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.016, 95% CI −0.06 to −0.01). Extreme cognitive appraisals predicted stronger associations between affective states and coping behaviours. Conclusions Feedback loops between affective states and coping behaviours were revealed in the daily life of individuals with bipolar disorder, which were moderated by extreme cognitive appraisals. Declaration of interest None.

Communication and internal states: What is their relationship?

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bamberg
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Linguistic Label ◽  
Internal States ◽  
The Way

Common folks “have” emotions and talk to others; and sometimes they make “their” emotions the topic of such talk. The emotions seem to be “theirs,” since they can be conceived of as private states (or events); and they can be topicalized, because we seem to be able to attribute or lend a conventionalized public form (such as a linguistic label or name) to some inner (and therefore nonpublic) state or event. This is the way much of our folk-talk and folk-thinking about emotions, the expression thereof, the role of language in these expressions, and communication in general are organized. However, as we have shown (Bamberg & Lindenberger 1984), such talk serves the purpose of communicating effectively and reaching mutual understanding.

scholarly journals Quantum interference with molecules: The role of internal states

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hillery ◽  
Leonard Mlodinow ◽  
Vladimír Bužek
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Internal States

Human Agency, Reasons, and Inter-subjective Understanding

Philosophy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Hasselberger
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Action Understanding ◽  
Perceptual Knowledge ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Motivating Reasons ◽  
Internal States ◽  
The Right ◽  
Internal Mental States

AbstractIn this essay I ague that the mainstream ‘Standard Story’ of action – according to which actions are bodily motions with the right internal mental states as their causal triggers (e.g., ‘belief-desire-pairs’, ‘intentions’) – gives rise to a deeply problematic conception of inter-subjective action-understanding. For the Standard Story, since motivating reasons are internal mental states and bodily motions are not intrinsically intentional, an observer must ascribe internal states to others to make rational sense of their outwardly observable bodily motions. I argue this is both phenomenologically distorted and requires, on pain of infinite regress, a deeper, non-inferential, practical-perceptual form of understanding: ‘knowledge-how’, in a broadly Rylean sense. Recognizing the irreducible role of practical-perceptual knowledge-how in inter-subjective understanding, I argue, undermines core assumptions of the Standard Story concerning what an agent can directly perceive in interacting with others, and how our everyday practices of explaining actions with reasons function – and this opens the space for a radically opposed alternative view of inter-subjective action understanding.

Is there empirical evidence for the dynamic nature of communication systems?: The role of synchronization and inferential communication

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-626
Author(s):  
Karl Grammer
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Different Levels

Communication is a multichannel, multiunit process that works on different levels. It is sequential with specific information carriers on a cognitive accessible level, and dynamic for the regulation of relationships at the same time. One function of communication is the broadcasting of internal states that can be assessed by inferential communication.

scholarly journals The structural dynamics of social class

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Kraus ◽  
Jun Won Park
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Structural Dynamics ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
Internal States

Individual agency accounts of social class persist in society and even in psychological science despite clear evidence for the role of social structures. This article argues that social class is defined by the structural dynamics of society. Specifically, access to powerful networks, groups, and institutions, and inequalities in wealth and other economic resources shape proximal social environments that influence how individuals express their internal states and motivations. An account of social class that highlights the means by which structures shape and are shaped by individuals guides our understanding of how people move up or down in the social class hierarchy, and provides a framework for interpreting neuroscience studies, experimental paradigms, and approaches that attempt to intervene on social class disparities.

scholarly journals Emotional eating and obesity in adults: the role of depression, sleep and genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Konttinen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Behavioural Mechanism

Stress and other negative emotions, such as depression and anxiety, can lead to both decreased and increased food intake. The term ‘emotional eating’ has been widely used to refer to the latter response: a tendency to eat in response to negative emotions with the chosen foods being primarily energy-dense and palatable ones. Emotional eating can be caused by various mechanisms, such as using eating to cope with negative emotions or confusing internal states of hunger and satiety with physiological changes related to emotions. An increasing number of prospective studies have shown that emotional eating predicts subsequent weight gain in adults. This review discusses particularly three lines of research on emotional eating and obesity in adults. First, studies implying that emotional eating may be one behavioural mechanism linking depression and development of obesity. Secondly, studies highlighting the relevance of night sleep duration by showing that adults with a combination of shorter sleep and higher emotional eating may be especially vulnerable to weight gain. Thirdly, an emerging literature suggesting that genes may influence body weight partly through emotional eating and other eating behaviour dimensions. The review concludes by discussing what kind of implications these three avenues of research offer for obesity prevention and treatment interventions.

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