Overcoming Spatial Mismatch: The Opportunities and Limits of Transit Mode in Addressing the Black–White Unemployment Gap

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenya L. Covington
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
White Male ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Racial Gaps ◽  
Economic Census ◽  
Core Solution

Spatial inequality is a central characteristic of U.S. metropolitan areas. Overcoming related employment disadvantages requires a broad set of responses: relocation, economic development, or an increase in mobility. Given the difficulty of widespread relocation or urban rebuilding programs, increasing mobility through transportation options may be a core solution in the short term. This article explains the racial gap in unemployment under spatial mismatch in the largest metropolitan areas by examining racial gaps in automobile access and public transit use. Research questions focus on which transit options are important to negotiate spatial mismatch and whether there are racial differences in the transit effect. Presented are descriptive and multivariate analyses using 2000 data from the U.S. Census, the Economic Census, and the Zip Code Business Pattern files. Findings show that comparatively, automobile access dominates the public transit effect on Black and White male unemployment in the 100 largest MSAs. First–difference analyses show that Black/White gaps in automobile access correlate with greater racial unemployment disparities, while racial gaps in public transit access seem to be associated with lower racial disparities in unemployment.

Male Youth Activities and Metropolitan Context

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
S R Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Black Male ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
White Male ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Activity Choices ◽  
The Impact

The research reported here examines the impact of metropolitan location on the activity choices of a sample of black and white male youths living in large metropolitan areas in the United States in 1980. The results of the analysis confirm that similar youths living in different metropolitan areas will make different activity choices. Furthermore, black male youths are found to be substantially more sensitive to metropolitan context than white male youths. The analysis also suggests that black and white disadvantaged youths respond differently to metropolitan context in terms of the trade-offs between activities. Disadvantaged black male youths are highly unlikely to be employed in all metropolitan areas and tend to trade-off staying in school with idleness, whereas disadvantaged white male youths tend to trade-off employment with idleness, depending on the metropolitan area they live in. This research confirms the importance of incorporating geographic context into our theoretical understanding of male youths' behavior. We must also, however, continue to address the implications of race as it shapes the context-dependent labor-market experiences of male youths.

Racial Differences in Time at Work Not Working

ILR Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 001979392110638
Author(s):  
William A. Darity ◽  
Darrick Hamilton ◽  
Samuel L. Myers ◽  
Gregory N. Price ◽  
Man Xu
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
White Male ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Survey Estimates ◽  
Wage Earnings ◽  
Response Errors

Racial differences in effort at work, if they exist, can potentially explain race-based wage/earnings disparities in the labor market. The authors estimate specifications of time spent on non-work activities at work by Black and White males and females with data from the American Time Use Survey. Estimates reveal that trivially small differences occur between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White males in time spent not working while on the job that disappear entirely when correcting for non-response errors. The findings imply that Black–White male differences in the fraction of the workday spent not working are either not large enough to partially explain the Black–White wage gap, or simply do not exist at all.

Association of Selected Circumferences with Height between Gender and Race in Prepubescent and Postpubescent Children

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-335
Author(s):  
Mary H. Slaughter ◽  
Constance B. Christ ◽  
Rachel J. Stillman ◽  
Timothy G. Lohman ◽  
Richard A. Boileau
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
White Male ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Theoretical Expectation ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Arm Circumference

This study was designed to determine the association of selected circumferences with height among black and white, male and female, prepubescent and postpubescent children. Volunteers (N = 232) were grouped according to gender, race, and maturation level. Regression of the logs of the circumferences on the log of height revealed regression coefficients ranging from .74 to 1.3, except for the upper arm circumference (1.7), thus confirming the theoretical expectation of a linear relationship between circumference and height. Within-gender relationships of each circumference with height were determined using regression analysis. In general the prepubescent circumferences deviated below the within-gender line while the postpubescent circumferences typically deviated above it; however, there were exceptions in both sexes. Moreover, the racial differences in the circumference deviation scores were not consistent within either the male or female samples. The consideration of gender, race, and maturation is important in determining the association of circumference with height. The use of circumferences adjusted for height can be useful in studying muscle development in children.

Spatial mismatch beyond black and white: Levels and determinants of job access among Asian and Hispanic subpopulations

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1800-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeria Easley
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Using Data

United States (US) based research suggests that distance between residency and employment constrains labour market outcomes for black Americans. Work on this phenomenon, termed spatial mismatch, suggests that residential segregation from whites shapes labour market outcomes among blacks by restricting access to job-dense suburbs. However, few studies examine patterns and drivers of spatial mismatch among Asian and Hispanic subpopulations. Using data on job counts from the 2010 Zip Code Business Patterns data set and on population counts from the 2010 US decennial Censuses, I estimate spatial mismatch for the largest ethnoracial groups in the USA: black, white, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese Americans. To measure spatial mismatch, I create indices of dissimilarity between jobs and residency for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with available data. Estimates of spatial mismatch based on panethnic categories mask subpopulation heterogeneity. Most subgroups experience higher spatial mismatch than indicated by the panethnic category. The results also show novel racial differences: the average Vietnamese and Cuban American experience higher spatial mismatch than the average black American. Segregation from whites is a central predictor of exposure to spatial mismatch across all minority groups, though findings suggest that this relationship is not driven by suburbanisation.

Job Characteristics and the Labor Force Participation Behavior of Black and White Male Youth

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
White Male ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Job Characteristics ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males

Previous work regarding the labor force participation of black and white youth has ignored the fact that they may face jobs with different characteristics, such as socioeconomic status or degree of danger. This article examines the effects that such characteristics have on the probability of participation for a sample of black and white males from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort. The results suggest that some job characteristics have a significant impact on participation, particularly socioeconomic status. The estimates presented here suggest, however, that racial differences in socioeconomic status probably explain only a small portion of the black-white male youth participation rate differential.

scholarly journals The Tenuous Attachments of Working-Class Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Edin ◽  
Timothy Nelson ◽  
Andrew Cherlin ◽  
Robert Francis
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
White Men ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Diverse Groups

In this essay, we explore how working-class men describe their attachments to work, family, and religion. We draw upon in-depth, life history interviews conducted in four metropolitan areas with racially and ethnically diverse groups of working-class men with a high school diploma but no four-year college degree. Between 2000 and 2013, we deployed heterogeneous sampling techniques in the black and white working-class neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts; Charleston, South Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; and the Philadelphia/Camden area of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. We screened to ensure that each respondent had at least one minor child, making sure to include a subset potentially subject to a child support order (because they were not married to, or living with, their child's mother). We interviewed roughly even numbers of black and white men in each site for a total of 107 respondents. Our approach allows us to explore complex questions in a rich and granular way that allows unanticipated results to emerge. These working-class men showed both a detachment from institutions and an engagement with more autonomous forms of work, childrearing, and spirituality, often with an emphasis on generativity, by which we mean a desire to guide and nurture the next generation. We also discuss the extent to which this autonomous and generative self is also a haphazard self, which may be aligned with counterproductive behaviors. And we look at racial and ethnic difference in perceptions of social standing.

Racial differences in long-term outcomes among black and white patients with drug-eluting stents

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Lonnie T. Sullivan ◽  
Hillary Mulder ◽  
Karen Chiswell ◽  
Linda K. Shaw ◽  
Tracy Y. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Drug Eluting Stents ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Drug Eluting ◽  
White Patients

The Relationship of Urinary Kallikrein Activity to Renal Salt and Water Excretion

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Levy ◽  
R. P. Frigon ◽  
R. A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Urinary Kallikrein ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Kallikrein Activity

1. We measured urinary kallikrein (kininogenin) excretion in black and white normotensive subjects during a variety of manipulations of salt and water balance. 2. A large intravenous saline load administered while the subjects were on an unrestricted sodium diet did not significantly change urinary kallikrein activity in either racial group. 3. After several days of dietary sodium restriction both racial groups increased their urinary kallikrein activity. An intravenous water load given then further increased urinary kallikrein activity. White subjects were studied for an additional 24 h period, and urinary kallikrein activity returned to pre-water load values, indicating that the excretion of a water load in sodium-depleted subjects is associated with an increase in kallikrein excretion. 4. Black subjects excreted less kallikrein in the urine than white subjects during the initial 24 h periods of unrestricted dietary sodium intake, but there were no other significant racial differences during the other experimental conditions.

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