scholarly journals Automatic representation of a visual stimulus relative to a background in the right precuneus

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1651-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoaki Uchimura ◽  
Tamami Nakano ◽  
Yusuke Morito ◽  
Hiroshi Ando ◽  
Shigeru Kitazawa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Automatic Representation

scholarly journals Fast Forward: Supramarginal Gyrus Stimulation Alters Time Measurement

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wiener ◽  
Roy Hamilton ◽  
Peter Turkeltaub ◽  
Matthew S. Matell ◽  
H. B. Coslett
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Standard Stimulus ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Temporal Judgment ◽  
The Right

The neural basis of temporal processing is unclear. We addressed this important issue by performing two experiments in which repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was administered in different sessions to the left or right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) or vertex; in both tasks, two visual stimuli were presented serially and subjects were asked to judge if the second stimulus was longer than the first (standard) stimulus. rTMS was presented on 50% of trials. Consistent with a previous literature demonstrating the effect of auditory clicks on temporal judgment, rTMS was associated with a tendency to perceive the paired visual stimulus as longer in all conditions. Crucially, rTMS to the right SMG was associated with a significantly greater subjective prolongation of the associated visual stimulus in both experiments. These findings demonstrate that the right SMG is an important element of the neural system underlying temporal processing and, as discussed, have implications for neural and cognitive models of temporal perception and attention.

Relative Size of Global Visual Stimulus: Advantage and Interference

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1427-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholamali Amirkhiabani
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Precedence Effect ◽  
Hemispheric Specialisation ◽  
Prime Determinant ◽  
Local Advantage ◽  
The Right ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Distinct Aspect ◽  
Local Levels

Absolute and relative sizes of global and local visual stimuli have been suggested as the prime determinants of the so-called global precedence effect; however in none of these studies has the relative size of the two levels been manipulated. Difference in size seems to be the most distinct aspect of differentiating global and local levels of a visual stimulus. In this study the effect of variations in relative size of global and local levels on the global-local advantage and interference effects was examined. Analysis showed that, when the stimulus was displayed at a peripheral location, relative size was probably the prime determinant of global advantage and interference. In addition, both global and local information was processed faster when the stimulus was projected to the left visual field than to the right one. This finding was more compatible with the hypothesis of verbal-visuospatial hemispheric specialisation than with a part-whole dichotomy.

scholarly journals Cognitive abilities of horses in terms of visual and olfactory perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Próchniak ◽  
Iwona Rozempolska-Rucińska ◽  
Monika Petrykowska ◽  
Grzegorz Zięba ◽  
Brygida Ślaska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Negative Reaction ◽  
Olfactory Perception ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Object A ◽  
The One ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
The Right

The aim of the study was to assess the cognitive abilities of horses in recognizing humans by sight and smell. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, the behaviour of horses exposed to a visual stimulus (photographs of familiar and unfamiliar people) was observed. The second experiment examined their behaviour evoked by an olfactory stimulus. The following variables was assessed: the duration of approach to the object in seconds (s), interest in the object, a negative reaction, the duration of the observation of the object (s), the duration of looking with the left eye and the right eye (s), and other signs of interest, e.g. licking, grasping with lips, and touching the object. It was found that the horses were able to identify the human by transferring the identification of a three-dimensional object (a person that positively conditioned the horse) to a two-dimensional object (a photograph of that person’s face). It was also shown that the horses used the sense of smell in associating clothes with the person wearing them (the one who positively conditioned the horse). It was found that positively conditioned horses reacted more strongly to the smell of human clothes than to a photograph of the human.

Effect of Visual-Verbal Load and Spatial Compatibility on Stimulus Response

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-502
Author(s):  
Wei-Shin Huang ◽  
Chau-Chyun Liu ◽  
Chun-Chia Hsu ◽  
Ching-Huei Lai
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Irrelevant Stimulus ◽  
Force Load ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Response Compatible ◽  
The Right

This study examined the effects of visual-verbal load (as measured by a visually presented reading-memory task with three levels) on a visual/auditory stimulus-response task. The three levels of load were defined as follows: “No Load” meant no other stimuli were presented concurrently; “Free Load” meant that a letter (A, B, C, or D) appeared at the same time as the visual or auditory stimulus; and “Force Load” was the same as “Free Load,” but the participants were also instructed to count how many times the letter A appeared. The stimulus-response task also had three levels: “irrelevant,” “compatible,” and “incompatible” spatial conditions. These required different key-pressing responses. The visual stimulus was a red ball presented either to the left or to the right of the display screen, and the auditory stimulus was a tone delivered from a position similar to that of the visual stimulus. Participants also processed an irrelevant stimulus. The results indicated that participants perceived auditory stimuli earlier than visual stimuli and reacted faster under stimulus-response compatible conditions. These results held even under a high visual-verbal load. These findings suggest the following guidelines for systems used in driving: an auditory source, appropriately compatible signal and manual-response positions, and a visually simplified background.

scholarly journals Crowdsourced Measurement of Reaction Times to Audiovisual Stimuli With Various Degrees of Asynchrony

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1192-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Bazilinskyy ◽  
Joost de Winter
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
The Right ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Objective: This study was designed to replicate past research concerning reaction times to audiovisual stimuli with different stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) using a large sample of crowdsourcing respondents. Background: Research has shown that reaction times are fastest when an auditory and a visual stimulus are presented simultaneously and that SOA causes an increase in reaction time, this increase being dependent on stimulus intensity. Research on audiovisual SOA has been conducted with small numbers of participants. Method: Participants ( N = 1,823) each performed 176 reaction time trials consisting of 29 SOA levels and three visual intensity levels, using CrowdFlower, with a compensation of US$0.20 per participant. Results were verified with a local Web-in-lab study ( N = 34). Results: The results replicated past research, with a V shape of mean reaction time as a function of SOA, the V shape being stronger for lower-intensity visual stimuli. The level of SOA affected mainly the right side of the reaction time distribution, whereas the fastest 5% was hardly affected. The variability of reaction times was higher for the crowdsourcing study than for the Web-in-lab study. Conclusion: Crowdsourcing is a promising medium for reaction time research that involves small temporal differences in stimulus presentation. The observed effects of SOA can be explained by an independent-channels mechanism and also by some participants not perceiving the auditory or visual stimulus, hardware variability, misinterpretation of the task instructions, or lapses in attention. Application: The obtained knowledge on the distribution of reaction times may benefit the design of warning systems.

scholarly journals Frequency transfer of the ventriloquism aftereffect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ege ◽  
A. John van Opstal ◽  
Marc Mathijs van Wanrooij
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Gaussian White Noise ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Visual Distracter ◽  
Ventriloquism Aftereffect ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adaptation Phase

The ventriloquism aftereffect (VAE) describes the persistent shift of perceived sound location after having been adapted to a ventriloquism condition, in which the sound was repeatedly paired with a displaced visual stimulus. In the latter case, participants consistently mislocalize the sound in the direction of the visual stimulus (ventriloquism effect, VE). Previous studies provide conflicting reports regarding the strength of the VAE, ranging from 0 to nearly 100%. Moreover, there is controversy about its generalization to different sounds than the one inducing the VE, ranging from no transfer at all, to full transfer across different sound spectra. Here, we imposed the VE for three different sounds: a low-frequency and a high-frequency narrow-band noise, and a broadband Gaussian white noise (GWN). In the adaptation phase, listeners generated fast goal-directed head movements to localize the sound, presented across a 70 deg range in the horizontal plane, while ignoring a visual distracter that was consistently displaced 10 deg to the right of the sound. In the post-adaptation phase, participants localized narrow-band sounds with center frequencies from 0.5 to 8 kHz, as well as GWN, without the visual distracter. Our results show that the VAE amounted to approximately 40% of the VE and generalized well across the entire frequency domain. We also found that the strength of the VAE correlated with the pre-adaptation sound-localization performance. We compare our results with previous reports and discuss different hypotheses regarding optimal audio-visual cue integration.

Transforming Incompatible Stimulus-Response Pairs into Compatible Ones

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tlauka ◽  
Frank P. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Central Fixation Point ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
Central Fixation

The design of human-machine systems requires the consideration of a wealth of factors affecting human performance. One important factor concerns stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility effects. S-R compatibility refers to the finding that people respond faster when the relative spatial locations of stimuli and responses correspond (compatible S-R mappings) than when there is no correspondence (incompatible S-R mappings). For example, a visual stimulus that is presented to the right of a central fixation point is responded to more quickly by pressing a right key rather than a left key. In two experiments participants responded to compatible and incompatible S-R mappings. In Experiment 1 the stimuli were perceptually grouped while in Experiment 2 they were arbitrarily associated. Both perceptual grouping and arbitrary associations were found to result in the transformation of incompatible S-R pairs into compatible ones. The results are of practical use for tasks requiring human-machine interactions.

scholarly journals Frequency but not phase specific modulation of binocular rivalry with transcranial alternating current stimulation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Delgado ◽  
Guillaume Riesen ◽  
Vladimir Y. Vildavski ◽  
Anthony M. Norcia
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Alternating Current ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTRecent transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) literature suggests that tACS effects can in principle be both frequency and phase specific. In a series of three experiments using 69 participants used binocular rivalry percepts as a read-out for the effects of phase-synchronized tACS stimulation. To test for phase specificity, with frequency the same in each eye, we visually stimulated each eye with 3Hz, with stimuli in each eye presented in temporal in antiphase. The frequency-specific paradigm visually stimulated the right eye with 3Hz, and the left eye with 5Hz. Each experiment was accompanied by 3Hz tACS, whose phase with respect to the visual stimulus was varied by 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270° in relation to the right eye’s stimulus. A baseline no-tACS block preceded the stimulation blocks and two more followed, immediately and ten minutes after. Individual blocks lasted 4 minutes. Additionally, a no-tACS control experiment identical to the 3 Hz anti-phase visual stimuli setup was conducted, keeping all parameters the same but eliminating tACS. During stimulation, the 3 Hz anti-phase visual stimuli setup slowed the rate of rivalry in both eyes. Conversely, the 3Hz-right, 5Hz-left setup slowed the right (targeted) eye significantly while leaving the left (unstimulated) eye unchanged. In both experiments, durations returned to baseline after 10 minutes. Our results are consistent with the frequency-specific model of tACS, and with the Leveltian hypothesis that stimulation weakens the stimulated eye, as the right eye got weaker when it was directly targeted, and both eyes got weaker when targeted in antiphase. tACS does not appear to preferentially modulating percept durations in one phase more than in another.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

What face familiarity feelings say about the lateralization of specific entities within the core system

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Gainotti
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Core System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
The Right

Abstract The target article carefully describes the memory system, centered on the temporal lobe that builds specific memory traces. It does not, however, mention the laterality effects that exist within this system. This commentary briefly surveys evidence showing that clear asymmetries exist within the temporal lobe structures subserving the core system and that the right temporal structures mainly underpin face familiarity feelings.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document