Seroprevalence of equine piroplasmosis, equine infectious anaemia and equine influenza in zebras and rhinoceros from Kenya and Tanzania

AbstractChanges in the level of cellular proteins in cells inoculated with equine influenza virus H7N7 and H3N8 were studied with microarray technique. H3N8 induced pro-apoptotic proteins while H7N7 induced both pro- as well as anti-apoptotic factors. The higher level of some cytoskeleton components and proteins involved in the protein quality control was recorded. Relatively high number of proteins involved in the regulation of transcription was down-regulated. The pattern of changes observed for H7N7 and H3N8 may reflect differences in the biological properties of both serotypes.

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Comparative measurement of Equine influenza virus antibodies by single radial haemolysis and haemagglutination inhibition tests

Journal of Current Veterinary Research ◽

10.21608/jcvr.2016.37889 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 72-79

Author(s):

Eman Ebeid ◽

Nehal Saleh ◽

Nashwa Madkour

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Comparative Measurement ◽

Equine Influenza

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Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8040784 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 784

Author(s):

Sylvia Reemers ◽

Sander van Bommel ◽

Qi Cao ◽

David Sutton ◽

Saskia van de Zande

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Virus Vaccine ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Field Strain ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Outbreak Strain ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Vaccine Type ◽

High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

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An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13050888 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 888

Author(s):

Cecilia Olguin-Perglione ◽

María Edith Barrandeguy

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Economic Losses ◽

South American ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Vaccine Manufacturer ◽

Gene Level ◽

Control Procedures

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, the major events of EI occurred almost in the same period in the different countries, and the EIV isolated showed high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level. It is highly likely that the continuous movement of horses, some of them subclinically infected, among South American countries, facilitated the spread of the virus. Although EI vaccination is mandatory for mobile or congregates equine populations in the region, EI outbreaks continuously threaten the equine industry. Vaccine breakdown could be related to the fact that many of the commercial vaccines available in the region contain out-of-date EIV strains, and some of them even lack reliable information about immunogenicity and efficacy. This review highlights the importance of disease surveillance and reinforces the need to harmonize quarantine and biosecurity protocols, and encourage vaccine manufacturer companies to carry out quality control procedures and update the EIV strains in their products.

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An Evaluation of Three Different Primary Equine Influenza Vaccination Intervals in Foals

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103397 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 ◽

pp. 103397

Author(s):

Mohamed Dilai ◽

Ouafaa Fassi Fihri ◽

Mehdi El Harrak ◽

Anouar Bouchiba ◽

Mohammed Dehhaoui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccination ◽

Equine Influenza

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PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS IN NON-VACCINATED EQUINES FROM THE BRAZILIAN PANTANAL

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652014000600006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 487-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lucas Gaíva E Silva ◽

Alice Mamede Costa Marques Borges ◽

Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos ◽

Maria do Carmo Custodio Souza Hunold Lara ◽

Elenice Maria Siquetin Cunha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Chi Square ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Spatial Autoregressive ◽

Anemia Virus

The prevalence of antibodies against Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) was determined in 529 equines living on ranches in the municipality of Poconé, Pantanal area of Brazil, by means of the hemagglutination inhibition test, using subtype H3N8 as antigen. The distribution and possible association among positive animal and ranches were evaluated by the chi-square test, spatial autoregressive and multiple linear regression models. The prevalence of antibodies against EIV was estimated at 45.2% (95% CI 30.2 - 61.1%) with titers ranging from 20 to 1,280 HAU. Seropositive equines were found on 92.0% of the surveyed ranches. Equine from non-flooded ranches (66.5%) and negativity in equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) (61.7%) were associated with antibodies against EIV. No spatial correlation was found among the ranches, but the ones located in non-flooded areas were associated with antibodies against EIV. A negative correlation was found between the prevalence of antibodies against EIV and the presence of EIAV positive animals on the ranches. The high prevalence of antibodies against EIV detected in this study suggests that the virus is circulating among the animals, and this statistical analysis indicates that the movement and aggregation of animals are factors associated to the transmission of the virus in the region.

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PRESENCE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN EQUINES IN BRAZIL

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652014000300002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 191-195

Author(s):

Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini ◽

Aparecida Santo Pietro Pereira ◽

Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça ◽

Adelia Hiroko Nagamori Kawamoto ◽

Rosely Cabette Barbosa Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽

Parainfluenza Viruses ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

The Difference

Equines are susceptible to respiratory viruses such as influenza and parainfluenza. Respiratory diseases have adversely impacted economies all over the world. This study was intended to determine the presence of influenza and parainfluenza viruses in unvaccinated horses from some regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Blood serum collected from 72 equines of different towns in this state was tested by hemagglutination inhibition test to detect antibodies for both viruses using the corresponding antigens. About 98.6% (71) and 97.2% (70) of the equines responded with antibody protective titers (≥ 80 HIU/25µL) H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses, respectively. All horses (72) also responded with protective titers (≥ 80) HIU/25µL against the parainfluenza virus. The difference between mean antibody titers to H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean titers for influenza and parainfluenza viruses, on the other hand, showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). These results indicate a better antibody response from equines to parainfluenza 3 virus than to the equine influenza viruses. No statistically significant differences in the responses against H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A and parainfluenza 3 viruses were observed according to the gender (female, male) or the age (≤ 2 to 20 years-old) groups. This study provides evidence of the concomitant presence of two subtypes of the equine influenza A (H7N7 and H3N8) viruses and the parainfluenza 3 virus in equines in Brazil. Thus, it is advisable to vaccinate equines against these respiratory viruses.

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