HAVE MALE AND FEMALE GENITALIA COEVOLVED? A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF GENITALIC MORPHOLOGY AND SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM IN WEB-BUILDING SPIDERS (ARANEAE: ARANEOIDEA)

Evolution ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1989-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Ramos ◽  
Jonathan A. Coddingtion ◽  
Terry E. Christenson ◽  
Duncan J. Irschick
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Web Building

scholarly journals Flightless Disphaerona rediscovered in China: mtDNA phylogeography of the Yunnan clade and the sobering state of fungus weevil phylogenetics (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasily V. Grebennikov
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Dabie Mountains ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Family

This paper reports discovery of the genus <em>Disphaerona</em> Jordan, 1902 in two widely separated regions in China: in three isolated highlands in Yunnan (the Cang Shan Range, Mt. Jizu and Mt. Haba) and in the Dabie Mountains of Hubei, at the border with Anhui. Till present the genus was known from China only from four specimens of<em> D.</em> <em>chinensis</em> (including its holotype) described from Sichuan in 1995. Sixteen specimens from each of the three newly detected localities in Yunnan were DNA barcoded and the data were made publicly available at dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-DISPHAE. Temporal phylogenetic analysis revealed a topology suggesting monophyly and recent (0.2–0.4 Ma) origin of the populations on both Mt. Jizu and Mt. Haba. The population on the Cang Shan Range harbours representatives of both clades forming the ingroup, mtDNA of which diverged some 7.9 Ma. The habitus of the holotype of the only nominative Chinese <em>Disphaerona</em> species, <em>D. chinensis,</em> is illustrated, together with habitus and male and female genitalia of specimens newly discovered in both Yunnan and Hubei. All specimens of <em>Disphaerona</em> from Yunnan are seemingly conspecific and are taxonomically assigned to D. chinensis. Two similar males and one sympatric but dissimilar, smaller female from the Dabie Mountains do not have associated DNA barcode data. It remains unknown whether the three Dabie Mountains specimens are conspecific or even congeneric; pending this uncertainty they are tentatively treated as <em>Disphaerona</em> without a Linnaean name. <em>Disphaerona</em> population in the Dabie Mountains, if indeed a member of this hypothesised clade, forms the easternmost record of the genus. Monophyly and sister group of <em>Disphaerona</em> are briefly discussed and both are shown as unknown and unverifiable. A brief overview of the state of phylogenetic knowledge of Anthribidae is given, which is practically non-existing and with neither the family, nor any of its tribes and the vast majority of genera tested as monophyletic.

Phylogenetic analysis of the South American sharpshooter genus Scopogonalia Young, 1977 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), with implications for conservation

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4885 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-508
Author(s):  
AFONSO H. LEAL ◽  
ANTONIO J. CREÃO-DUARTE ◽  
GABRIEL MEJDALANI
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
South American ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ecological Adaptations ◽  
The One

Scopogonalia is a leafhopper genus with 17 described species, all of them from South America. In this work, a phylogenetic analysis of the genus was conducted based on 59 morphological and colour pattern characters of head, thorax, abdomen, male and female genitalia. Analyses with equal weights resulted in 12 equally most parsimonious trees (length = 137) including a monophyletic Scopogonalia in all of them. An implied weights (k = 15) analysis recovered two trees, one of them equal to the one obtained with a single round successive weighting procedure, which was chosen for discussion. The trees support the existence of three main clades, which are here called Early Green Clade, Late Green Clade, and Yellow-Brown Clade. The origin and diversification of each clade is discussed under available biogeographical knowledge of South America. Little variation was observed in the female genitalia, but their characters were useful to reinforce the monophyly of the Yellow-Brown Clade, which we associate to ecological adaptations. This clade supports a past connection of the Cerrado biome and savannah enclaves in Amazonia and Atlantic Forest. This conclusion highlights the necessity of conserving this open vegetation environment inside the most fragmented portion of the Atlantic Forest, in northeastern Brazil. 

A revision of Herennia (Araneae:Nephilidae:Nephilinae), the Australasian 'coin spiders'

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matjaž Kuntner
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Island Endemics ◽  
Sister Clade ◽  
New Synonymy ◽  
New Britain

The nephilid ‘coin spiders’ (Herennia Thorell) are known for their arboricolous ladder webs, extreme sexual size dimorphism and peculiar sexual biology. This paper revises Herennia taxonomy, systematics, biology and biogeography. The widespread Asian Herennia multipuncta (Doleschall) ( = H. sampitana Karsch, new synonymy; = H. mollis Thorell, new synonymy) is synanthropic and invasive, whereas the other 10 species are narrowly distributed Australasian island endemics: H. agnarssoni, sp. nov. is known from Solomon Islands; H. deelemanae, sp. nov. from northern Borneo; H. etruscilla, sp. nov. from Java; H. gagamba, sp. nov. from the Philippines; H. jernej, sp. nov. from Sumatra; H. milleri, sp. nov. from New Britain; H. oz, sp. nov. from Australia; H. papuana Thorell from New Guinea; H. sonja, sp. nov. from Kalimantan and Sulawesi; and H. tone, sp. nov. from the Philippines. A phylogenetic analysis of seven species of Herennia, six nephilid species and 15 outgroup taxa scored for 190 morphological and behavioural characters resulted in 10 equally parsimonious trees supporting the monophyly of Nephilidae, Herennia, Nephila, Nephilengys and Clitaetra, but the sister-clade to the nephilids is ambiguous. Coin spiders do not fit well established biogeographic lines (Wallace, Huxley) dividing Asian and Australian biotas, but the newly drawn ‘Herennia line’ suggests an all-Australasian speciation in Herennia. To explain the peculiar male sexual behaviour (palpal mutilation and severance) known in Herennia and Nephilengys, three specific hypotheses based on morphological and behavioural data are proposed: (1) broken embolic conductors function as mating plugs; (2) bulb severance following mutilation is advantageous for the male to avoid hemolymph leakage; and (3) the eunuch protects his parental investment by fighting off rival males.

scholarly journals Sex-specific microhabitat use is associated with sex-biased thermal physiology in Anolis lizards

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.235697
Author(s):  
Michael L. Logan ◽  
Lauren K. Neel ◽  
Daniel J. Nicholson ◽  
Andrew J. Stokes ◽  
Christina L. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Thermal Physiology ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Heterogeneous Habitats ◽  
Males And Females

If fitness optima for a given trait differ between males and females in a population, sexual dimorphism may evolve. Sex-biased trait variation may affect patterns of habitat use, and if the microhabitats used by each sex have dissimilar microclimates, this can drive sex-specific selection on thermal physiology. Nevertheless, tests of differences between the sexes in thermal physiology are uncommon, and studies linking these differences to microhabitat use or behavior are even rarer. We examined microhabitat use and thermal physiology in two ectothermic congeners that are ecologically similar but differ in their degree of sexual size dimorphism. Brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) exhibit male-biased sexual size dimorphism and live in thermally heterogeneous habitats, whereas slender anoles (Anolis apletophallus) are sexually monomorphic in body size and live in thermally homogeneous habitats. We hypothesized that differences in habitat use between the sexes would drive sexual divergence in thermal physiology in brown anoles, but not slender anoles, because male and female brown anoles may be exposed to divergent microclimates. We found that male and female brown anoles, but not slender anoles, used perches with different thermal characteristics and were sexually dimorphic in thermal tolerance traits. However, field-active body temperatures and behavior in a laboratory thermal arena did not differ between females and males in either species. Our results suggest that sexual dimorphism in thermal physiology can arise from phenotypic plasticity or sex-specific selection on traits that are linked to thermal tolerance, rather than from direct effects of thermal environments experienced by males and females.

Environmental factors affecting sexual size dimorphism in the hermit crab Pagurus middendorffii

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 953-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Wada
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Shell Size ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Population Comparisons

The effects of shell resource and interspecific competition on sexual size dimorphism of the hermit crab, Pagurus middendorffii (Decapoda: Paguridae), were examined from population comparisons. Degree of size dimorphism and mean shell size occupied by male and female P. middendorffii differed among adjacent sites, and there was a significant correlation between them. Although most large P. middendorffii occupied large Chlorostoma lischkei shells in both shell-limited and shell-unlimited populations, P. lanuginosus, a sympatric species, occupied large C. lischkei shells more frequently than P. middendorffii did in a shell-limited population. Environmental factors, shell availability and interspecific competition for shells, might play important roles in determining the degree of sexual size dimorphism of P. middendorffii.

Development time of male and female rotifers with sexual size dimorphism

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 767 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Wang Yin ◽  
Bing-Bing Tan ◽  
Yan-Chun Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Chun Li ◽  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Size Dimorphism

A preliminary phylogeny of the lichen moth tribe Lithosiini (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) based on morphological characters

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 321-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare H. Scott ◽  
Marc A. Branham
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Monophyletic Lineage

A phylogeny of the lichen moth tribe Lithosiini has been constructed based on adult morphological characters. Specimens of 76 species representing 49 genera and each of the seven subtribes that have been proposed, as well as genera that have yet to be placed within a subtribe, were examined. When possible the type species of each genus was included in the analysis. Eighty-two characters from the external morphology and male and female genitalia were coded. The dataset was analyzed using both Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods with outgroup taxa selected from the subfamily Aganainae and tribe Arctiini. The morphological characters show the tribe Lithosiini as a monophyletic lineage, but could not assess the monophyly of the seven subtribes that have been hypothesized. The clades that are resolved by our phylogenetic analysis were composed only of genera representing a single subtribe or those that have not previously been placed in a subtribe. These results provide support for the existence of subtribes within the Lithosiini and represent the most extensive examination of the phylogeny of this tribe to date.

Sexual size dimorphism in relation to resource partitioning in North American dabbling ducks

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2009-2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Nudds ◽  
Richard M. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Resource Partitioning ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Dabbling Ducks ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Bill Morphology ◽  
Size Dimension ◽  
Bill Length

Data from museum specimens were used to examine patterns of sexual size dimorphism in bill morphology in relation to resource partitioning in seven species of North American dabbling ducks (Anas sp.). All species were dimorphic with respect to bill length. Male and female bill length distributions were skewed in opposite directions in five of seven species (P < 0.01). Four of seven species were dimorphic with respect to lamellar density, but male and female distributions were skewed in opposite directions in only two species. The four dimorphic species were positioned between other species along a prey size dimension; species which were not dimorphic had only one neighbour on the prey size dimension. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that intersexual competition for food promotes niche divergence between sexes and contributes to sexual size dimorphism in ducks.

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