2. Pretesting Experimental Instructions

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Slattery Rashotte ◽  
Murray Webster ◽  
Joseph M. Whitmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Information Delivery ◽  
New Techniques

Laboratory experiments, well established in sociology and social psychology, are alternate realities constructed for assessing derivations from theories. Experiments instantiate a theory's scope and initial conditions, and that information is usually delivered through instructions to participants. Because experiments often use video and computer technology and often test very precise predictions of new theories, we suggest developing objective means to assess information delivery. We illustrate these points by reference to a widely used standard experiment to assess theories of status processes. We first describe elements of good experimental design with their justifications. Next, we describe new techniques we have developed and illustrate their usefulness, showing results of a first use of the new techniques. While the assessment still relies somewhat on judgments, we find the technique useful and suggest further developments that might improve it for experimental and other research uses.

scholarly journals The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: experimental design for model simulations of the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM (version 1.0)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 889-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Lunt ◽  
Matthew Huber ◽  
Eleni Anagnostou ◽  
Michiel L. J. Baatsen ◽  
Rodrigo Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Geological Data ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Climate Model Simulations

Abstract. Past warm periods provide an opportunity to evaluate climate models under extreme forcing scenarios, in particular high ( >  800 ppmv) atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Although a post hoc intercomparison of Eocene ( ∼  50  Ma) climate model simulations and geological data has been carried out previously, models of past high-CO2 periods have never been evaluated in a consistent framework. Here, we present an experimental design for climate model simulations of three warm periods within the early Eocene and the latest Paleocene (the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM). Together with the CMIP6 pre-industrial control and abrupt 4 ×  CO2 simulations, and additional sensitivity studies, these form the first phase of DeepMIP – the Deep-time Model Intercomparison Project, itself a group within the wider Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). The experimental design specifies and provides guidance on boundary conditions associated with palaeogeography, greenhouse gases, astronomical configuration, solar constant, land surface processes, and aerosols. Initial conditions, simulation length, and output variables are also specified. Finally, we explain how the geological data sets, which will be used to evaluate the simulations, will be developed.

Experiments in social science

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Hawthorne Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
The Social

Within social science the experiment has an ambiguous place. With the possible exception of social psychology, there are few examples of strictly experimental studies. The classic study still often cited is the Hawthorne experiments, which began in 1927, and is used mainly to illustrate what became known as the ‘Hawthorne Effect’, that is, the unintended influence of the research itself on the results of the study. Yet, experimental design is often taken within social research as the embodiment of the scientific method which, if the social sciences are to reach the maturity of the natural sciences, social research should seek to emulate. Meeting this challenge meant trying to devise ways of applying the logic of the experiment to ‘non-experimental’ situations where it was not possible directly to manipulate the experimental conditions. Criticisms have come from two main sources: first, from researchers who claim that the techniques used to control factors within non-experimental situations are unrealizable with current statistical methods and, second, those who reject the very idea of hypothesis-testing as an ambition for social research.

Beyond OpenURL

2009 ◽  
pp. 1405-1419
Author(s):  
George Boston ◽  
Randle J. Gedeon
Keyword(s):  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Resource Discovery ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Information Professionals ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Opening Up

This chapter provides a general overview of the development and implementation of existing techniques for the reference linking of scholarly research materials, additionally, some of the new techniques designed for advanced linking are described. Also presented are several new technologies currently under development, with an eye toward enhancing resource discovery and the interlinking of resources. The progress of computer technology, the adoption of those technologies by the information consumer, and the implementation of Web 2.0 and Library 2.0 tools to existing resources have combined in opening up new avenues of linking previously isolated resources together. Information professionals must come to appreciate and apply these new techniques and in doing so will provide library patrons with a more user friendly and thorough research experience.

8. Experimental Research

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
The Common ◽  
Internal And External Validity

This chapter explores the principles of experimental research design as well as the issues and problems associated with different aspects of the approach. In particular, it considers the issue of internal and external validity, the common obstacles associated with experimental research, and what can be done to try and avoid or minimize them. The chapter first describes the five steps involved in the classic version of the experimental design before discussing three types of experimental design: laboratory experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments. It also examines the ethical issues that arise from experimental research and concludes by highlighting some of the advantages of experimental research.

Experimental design as a source of sex bias in social psychology

Sex Roles ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy McKenna ◽  
Suzanne J. Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Sex Bias

Another route to broadening the scope of social psychology: Ecologically valid research

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Gosling
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Real World ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
The Real ◽  
Existence Proofs ◽  
Mere Existence

An imbalance is identified in social psychology between controlled experimental studies (which are common) and real-world, ecologically valid studies (which are rare). The preponderance of experimental studies (which provide mere existence proofs and lack realism) helps fuel social psychology's fault-finding focus. Laboratory experiments and ecological studies should be pursued jointly to examine social life in the real world.

Beyond OpenURL

2011 ◽  
pp. 235-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Boston ◽  
Randle J. Gedeon
Keyword(s):  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Resource Discovery ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Information Professionals ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Opening Up

This chapter provides a general overview of the development and implementation of existing techniques for the reference linking of scholarly research materials, additionally, some of the new techniques designed for advanced linking are described. Also presented are several new technologies currently under development, with an eye toward enhancing resource discovery and the interlinking of resources. The progress of computer technology, the adoption of those technologies by the information consumer, and the implementation of Web 2.0 and Library 2.0 tools to existing resources have combined in opening up new avenues of linking previously isolated resources together. Information professionals must come to appreciate and apply these new techniques and in doing so will provide library patrons with a more user friendly and thorough research experience.

Does (Dis)Similarity Information about a New Acquaintance Lead to Liking or Repulsion? An Experimental Test of a Classic Social Psychology Issue

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-318
Author(s):  
Susan Sprecher
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Similarity Condition ◽  
Similarity Attraction ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
Similarity Information ◽  
Repulsion Effect

Decades of social psychology research has established the importance of similarity in leading to attraction. However, in response to early social psychology experiments demonstrating the similarity effect, Rosenbaum proposed the repulsion hypothesis, arguing that similarity does not lead to liking, but rather, dissimilarity leads to repulsion. Research to address whether dissimilarity carries more weight than similarity has generally involved participants’ reactions to sterile information about a bogus other whom they never meet. In contrast, in this study ( N = 150), individuals first greeted another participant over Skype before they received manipulated (bogus) information on similarity or dissimilarity. In support of the similarity-attraction hypothesis, the two-step experimental design indicated that the participants in the similarity condition experienced an increase in liking and other positive reactions from before to after the receipt of the bogus similarity information. Participants in the dissimilarity condition, however, experienced no change (i.e., no repulsion effect).

Laboratory Experiments in Marketing: The Experimenter Effect

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Experimental Social Psychology ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Experimenter Bias ◽  
Experimenter Effect ◽  
Research Findings

Research findings in the experimental social psychology area indicate the phenomenon of the experimenter effect. Major research findings are reviewed, and implications for laboratory experiments in marketing are considered. Some measures are also suggested to reduce experimenter bias.

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