The relationship between caudal differential pressure and activity of Atlantic cod: a potential method to predict oxygen consumption of free-swimming fish

2007 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Steinhausen ◽  
J. F. Steffensen ◽  
N. G. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
The Relationship

Cardiac output as a predictor of metabolic rate in cod gadus morhua

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (19) ◽  
pp. 2779-2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Webber ◽  
RG Boutilier ◽  
SR Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fisheries Biology

Adult Atlantic cod (2 kg Gadus morhua) were fitted with Doppler ultrasonic flow-probes to measure ventral aortic outflow (i.e. cardiac output). The probes remained patent for upwards of 3 months, during which time detailed relationships between cardiac output (), heart rate (fh) and rate of oxygen consumption (O2) were determined as a function of swimming speed and temperature (5 degreesC and 10 degreesC). The rate of oxygen consumption increased linearly with and exponentially with swimming speed. A very good correlation was observed between O2 and (r2=0.86) compared with the correlation between O2 and fh (r2=0.50 for all 10 degreesC data and r2=0.86 for all 5 degreesC data). However, the O2 versus fh correlation gradually improved over approximately 1 week after surgery (r2=0.86). The relationship between O2 and was independent of temperature, while the relationship between O2 and fh changed with temperature. Hence, calculating O2 from is simpler and does not require that temperature be recorded simultaneously. Variations in cardiac output were determined more by changes in stroke volume (Vs) than by fh; therefore, fh was a less reliable predictor of metabolic rate than was . Given that can be used to estimate O2 so faithfully, the advent of a cardiac output telemeter would enable robust estimates to be made of the activity metabolism of free-ranging fish in nature, thereby strengthening one of the weakest links in the bioenergetic models of fisheries biology.

scholarly journals Physiology and behaviour of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing fluctuating salinity and oxygenation conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Claireaux ◽  
D Webber ◽  
S Kerr ◽  
R Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
The Relationship

1. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) acclimated to a temperature of 5 °C and 30 salinity were equipped with ultrasonic transmitters which allowed continuous monitoring of their heart rate and their position in the water column. Fish were placed in a 125 m3 tower tank which permitted various environmentally relevant modifications of the salinity and oxygenation conditions. Cod physiological and behavioural responses were followed in parallel to the environmental manipulations. Some of the experimental conditions studied in the tower tank were also reproduced in a swimming respirometer where fish oxygen consumption and heart rate were monitored at various levels of activity. 2. Lowering salinity from 30 to 26 did not change resting oxygen consumption, but increased active oxygen consumption. 3. Lowering salinity from 30 to 26 increased heart rate over the whole range of swimming speeds except at maximum speed. 4. Lowering oxygen tension to 9 kPa decreased oxygen consumption over the whole range of swimming speeds and decreased resting heart rate. 5. Low salinity did not significantly affect the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption. 6. Low oxygen levels decreased the oxygen transported per heart beat. 7. In the tower tank, bursts of activity were associated with tachycardias. 8. In uniform conditions, fish swam more deeply during the day than at night. 9. After an exploratory period of approximately 6 h, fish chose to remain in a low-salinity upper layer of the tank. Thereafter, high salinities were avoided. Fish tended to select low salinities if a choice was provided. 10. Fish generally avoided zones of low oxygen (<9 kPa) but continued voluntarily to enter regions with values as low as 3.0 kPa for short excursions or if food was offered.

scholarly journals Physiology and behaviour of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing fluctuating temperature conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Claireaux ◽  
D Webber ◽  
S Kerr ◽  
R Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behaviour

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), acclimated to 5 °C, were equipped with ultrasonic transmitters which allowed the continuous monitoring of their vertical movements and heart rate. Fish were then placed in a 125 m3 tower tank in which the various thermal conditions they encounter in their natural environment were reproduced. Physiological and behavioural responses of cod were followed in parallel to the induced environmental changes. The experimental conditions studied in the tower tank were also reproduced in a swimming respirometer, where oxygen consumption and heart rate could be monitored within the activity range of a free-swimming animal. In a homogeneous water column, a rise in temperature induced marked increases in fish swimming activity, heart rate and heart beat-to-beat variability. In a thermally stratified environment, voluntary activity also increased when the thermal structure of the water column was altered, though no temperature-dependent changes in heart rate were observed. In this case, fish avoided the new temperature conditions, exhibiting distinct thermoregulatory behaviour. Stratification of the water column also prompted daily cyclic changes in fish distribution, animals tending to be in deeper and colder water layers during the day and in shallower and warmer layers at night. Respirometry experiments revealed that the thermoregulatory behaviour observed in free-ranging fish was probably driven by the energetic expedient of maintaining the physiological status quo ­ i.e. avoiding bioenergically costly reacclimation processes. Indeed, acute temperature increases or decreases of 2.5 °C led to marked differences in oxygen consumption, with metabolic rate changes of 15 and 30 %, respectively. The persistent linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption allowed us to estimate, from the heart rate recorded in free-swimming fish, the entire range of metabolic responses that cod underwent voluntarily while experiencing a thermally stratified water column. The most profound metabolic effect, however, was observed with feeding, when oxygen consumption increased by as much as 80 %, resulting in an estimated 90 % reduction in their subsequent scope for activity.

Caudal differential pressure as a predictor of swimming speed of cod (Gadus morhua)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (20) ◽  
pp. 3561-3570
Author(s):  
D. M. Webber ◽  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
S. R. Kerr ◽  
M. J. Smale
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Highly Correlated

SUMMARY We report the results of an experiment designed to investigate the feasibility of using differential pressure to estimate the swimming speed and metabolic rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Seven cod were fitted with a miniature differential pressure sensor mounted on one side of the caudal peduncle immediately anterior to the base of the caudal fin rays. Relationships between differential pressure, tailbeat frequency, tailbeat amplitude, swimming speed and rate of oxygen consumption (ṀO2) were determined as a function of the swimming speed of cod swimming at 5°C in a recirculating ‘Brett-style’ respirometer. Tailbeat differential pressure, tailbeat amplitude and tailbeat frequency were highly correlated with swimming speed. The average or integrated pressure ranged from 0 to 150 Pa for speeds up to 0.8 m s–1 (1.1 L s–1, where L is total body length), while the ‘pressure difference’ (maximum minus minimum pressure) ranged from 0 to 900 Pa. Small changes in swimming speed of less than 0.05 m s–1 were readily detected as differences in tailbeat pressure. Burst swimming in the respirometer resulted in huge pressure ‘bursts’ of up to 5000 Pa ‘pressure difference’. The rate of oxygen consumption increased exponentially and was highly correlated with swimming speed (r2=0.77). The rate of oxygen consumption was also correlated with tailbeat integrated pressure (r2=0.68) and with differential pressure (r2=0.43); regression correlations were always greater for individuals than for combined data from all cod. The results detailed in this study indicate that an ultrasonic differential pressure transmitter would enable accurate estimates of the swimming speed, rates of oxygen consumption and activity patterns of free-ranging fish in nature.

Investigation of the Water Guided Laser Micro-Jet Machining of Aero Engine Components

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Material Removal ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Laser Machining ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
Engine Components ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dual Laser

The water guided laser micro-jet (LMJ) is a new potential method to machine aero engine parts with much less heat affected area and faster cutting speed than dry laser machining. The focus of this paper is to investigate the energy density and material removal for a dual-laser LMJ system. Then, the effects of dominated parameters on the energy density of LMJ are analyzed. Finally, a mathematical model is developed to describe the relationship between dominant laser parameters with the energy density of LMJ and material removal rate followed by machining case studies of aero engine components.

Energy expenditure by elite midget male ice hockey players in small-sided games

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles-Mathieu Lachaume ◽  
François Trudeau ◽  
Jean Lemoyne
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Treadmill Testing ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure and heart rate responses elicited in elite male midget ice hockey players during small-sided games. Nine players (aged 15.89 ± 0.33 years) participated in the study. Maximal progressive treadmill testing in the laboratory measured the relationship of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) to heart rate before on-ice assessments of heart rate during six different small-sided games: 1v1, 2v2, 2v2 with support player, 3v3 with support player, 3v3 with transitions, and 4v4 with two support players. Heart rate was recorded continuously in each game. 3v3 T small-sided game was the most intense for all four intensity markers. All six small-sided games reached 89% HRmax or more with heart rate peaks in active effort repetition. These findings demonstrate that such small-sided games are considered as high intensity games and are an effective training method for ice hockey players.

scholarly journals Demam pada Penggunaan Analgesia Persalinan Epidural

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-9
Author(s):  
Alfan Mahdi Nugroho ◽  
Yusmein Uyun ◽  
Annemarie Chrysantia Melati
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Neonatal Seizure ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Fetal Infection ◽  
Labour Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
The Relationship

Analgesia epidural telah diperkenalkan secara rutin sebagai salah satu modalitas analgesia pada proses persalinan sejak lama. Hubungan antara analgesia epidural persalinan dengan demam intrapartum pada maternal sudah disebutkan pada beberapa literatur. Demam didefinisikan sebagai peningkatan suhu tubuh lebih dari 38 oC yang didapat dari dua kali pemeriksaan. Beberapa teori yang disebutkan antara lain perubahan termoregulasi, infeksi pada ibu-janin dan inflamasi non-infeksi yang dimediasi oleh sitokin proinflamasi. Namun demikian berbagai mekanisme analgesia epidural dapat menyebabkan demam masih terus diteliti. Identifikasi demam pada ibu saat persalinan merupakan hal yang penting untuk dilakukan karena memiliki konsekuensi klinis pada ibu dan neonatus. Pada ibu ditemukan suhu yang meningkat dikaitkan dengan peningkatan denyut jantung ibu, curah jantung, konsumsi oksigen, dan produksi katekolamin. Sedangkan pada janin demam intrapartum dapat menyebabkan sepsis, perubahan skor APGAR, peningkatan kebutuhan bantuan napas dan kejadian kejang. Efek demam pada ibu dan janin masih terus dipelajari, sehingga suatu saat didapatkan cara pencegahan yang paling baik yang pada akhirnya menghindarkan keraguan untuk melakukan analgesia persalinan.   Fever during labour epidural analgesia Abstract Epidural analgesia has been routinely introduced as one of the analgesia modalities during labour. Literature has mentioned the relationship between epidural analgesia and intrapartum fever among mothers. Fever is defined as increased temperature above 38 oC in more than two measurements. Several theories have been proposed, inculing thermoregulation changes, mother-fetal infection, and non-infectious inflammation mediated by proinflammatory cytokines. However, these mechanisms have been continued to evolve. Fever identification in pregnant women is essential to recognize clinical consequences to both mothers and neonates. Increased temperature in mothers is associated with increased heart rate, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and catecholamines production. Meanwhile, in neonates intrapartum fever is related to sepsis, APGAR score changes, the need of respiratory support and incidence of neonatal seizure. Therefore, these consequences are extensively studied in order to determine the appropriate prevention.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN ACTIVE ELDERLY ADULTS

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
M.-M. DUBUC ◽  
S. BARBAT-ARTIGAS ◽  
A.D. KARELIS ◽  
M. AUBERTIN-LEHEUDRE
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
The Relationship

Background:Both the level of education and functional capacity seems to be associated with the levelof physical activity in the elderly. However, the relationship between the level of education and functionalcapacity in active elderly adults is poorly understood. Objective:To examine the association between the level ofeducation and the functional capacity profile of active elderly adults. Design:Cross-sectional. Participants:Onehundred and four elderly men and 198 postmenauposal women (mean age: 62.7 ± 7.6 years old) were recruitedamong registered members of the YMCAs of Montreal who practiced at least one hour of structured physicalactivity per week. Participants were then divided in two groups based on their level of education (the cut-offpoint was the high-school diploma). Measurements:Body composition (DXA), muscle strength (knee extensors,handgrip), estimated maximal oxygen consumption (2-km walk test), perceived health (SF-36) and functionalcapacity (timed up and go, alternate step and one-leg stance tests) were measured. The level of education of theparticipants was assessed by questionnaire. Results:Body composition was similar between groups. We observedthat all functional capacity tests as well as the global functional capacity score were significantly higher in themost educated group compared to the least educated group (p<0.05). In addition, the most educated group hadsignificantly higher levels of knee extensors strength, estimated maximal oxygen consumption and perception ofphysical functioning. Conclusions:A higher level of education was associated with a favourable functionalcapacity profile in our cohort of active elderly adults. However, the mechanism(s) which could mediate thisassociation remain(s) unknown.

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