Cardiac output as a predictor of metabolic rate in cod gadus morhua

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (19) ◽  
pp. 2779-2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Webber ◽  
RG Boutilier ◽  
SR Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fisheries Biology

Adult Atlantic cod (2 kg Gadus morhua) were fitted with Doppler ultrasonic flow-probes to measure ventral aortic outflow (i.e. cardiac output). The probes remained patent for upwards of 3 months, during which time detailed relationships between cardiac output (), heart rate (fh) and rate of oxygen consumption (O2) were determined as a function of swimming speed and temperature (5 degreesC and 10 degreesC). The rate of oxygen consumption increased linearly with and exponentially with swimming speed. A very good correlation was observed between O2 and (r2=0.86) compared with the correlation between O2 and fh (r2=0.50 for all 10 degreesC data and r2=0.86 for all 5 degreesC data). However, the O2 versus fh correlation gradually improved over approximately 1 week after surgery (r2=0.86). The relationship between O2 and was independent of temperature, while the relationship between O2 and fh changed with temperature. Hence, calculating O2 from is simpler and does not require that temperature be recorded simultaneously. Variations in cardiac output were determined more by changes in stroke volume (Vs) than by fh; therefore, fh was a less reliable predictor of metabolic rate than was . Given that can be used to estimate O2 so faithfully, the advent of a cardiac output telemeter would enable robust estimates to be made of the activity metabolism of free-ranging fish in nature, thereby strengthening one of the weakest links in the bioenergetic models of fisheries biology.

Caudal differential pressure as a predictor of swimming speed of cod (Gadus morhua)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (20) ◽  
pp. 3561-3570
Author(s):  
D. M. Webber ◽  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
S. R. Kerr ◽  
M. J. Smale
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Highly Correlated

SUMMARY We report the results of an experiment designed to investigate the feasibility of using differential pressure to estimate the swimming speed and metabolic rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Seven cod were fitted with a miniature differential pressure sensor mounted on one side of the caudal peduncle immediately anterior to the base of the caudal fin rays. Relationships between differential pressure, tailbeat frequency, tailbeat amplitude, swimming speed and rate of oxygen consumption (ṀO2) were determined as a function of the swimming speed of cod swimming at 5°C in a recirculating ‘Brett-style’ respirometer. Tailbeat differential pressure, tailbeat amplitude and tailbeat frequency were highly correlated with swimming speed. The average or integrated pressure ranged from 0 to 150 Pa for speeds up to 0.8 m s–1 (1.1 L s–1, where L is total body length), while the ‘pressure difference’ (maximum minus minimum pressure) ranged from 0 to 900 Pa. Small changes in swimming speed of less than 0.05 m s–1 were readily detected as differences in tailbeat pressure. Burst swimming in the respirometer resulted in huge pressure ‘bursts’ of up to 5000 Pa ‘pressure difference’. The rate of oxygen consumption increased exponentially and was highly correlated with swimming speed (r2=0.77). The rate of oxygen consumption was also correlated with tailbeat integrated pressure (r2=0.68) and with differential pressure (r2=0.43); regression correlations were always greater for individuals than for combined data from all cod. The results detailed in this study indicate that an ultrasonic differential pressure transmitter would enable accurate estimates of the swimming speed, rates of oxygen consumption and activity patterns of free-ranging fish in nature.

The heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship during cold exposure of the king penguin: a comparison with that during exercise

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (16) ◽  
pp. 2511-2517 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Froget ◽  
Y. Handrich ◽  
Y. Le Maho ◽  
J.-L. Rouanet ◽  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

SUMMARY This study investigated whether exposure to low ambient temperature could be used as an alternative to exercise for calibrating heart rate (fH)against rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2) for subsequent use of fH to estimate V̇O2 in free-ranging animals. Using the relationship between the oxygen pulse (OP, the amount of oxygen used per heart beat) and an index of body condition (or nutritional index, NI), a relationship between fH and V̇O2 was established for resting king penguins exposed to a variety of environmental temperatures. Although there was a small but significant increase in the OP above and below the lower critical temperature (-4.9°C), there was no difference in the relationship obtained between the OP and body condition (NI)obtained above or below the lower critical temperature. These results were then compared with those obtained in a previous study in which the relationship between fH and V̇O2 had been established for king penguins during steady-state exercise. The relationship between OP and NI in the present study was not significantly different from the relationship between resting OP and NI in the previous study. However, the relationship was different from that between active OP and NI. We conclude that, at least for king penguins, although thermoregulation does not affect the relationship between resting OP and NI, temperature cannot be used as an alternative to exercise for calibrating fH against V̇O2 for subsequent use of fH to estimate V̇O2 in free-ranging animals.

The Relation of Size to Rate of Oxygen Consumption and Sustained Swimming Speed of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1491-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

The relation of size (log weight, g) to metabolic rate (log O2-uptake, mg O2/hr) of sockeye salmon was found to have a continuous change in slope (0.78–0.97) with increasing activity at 15 C.The slope of the equation relating the 60-min sustained swimming speed (log speed, cm/sec) to length (cm) had a value of 0.50, demonstrating a rapid decrease in relative performance with increasing size.

scholarly journals Physiology and behaviour of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing fluctuating salinity and oxygenation conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Claireaux ◽  
D Webber ◽  
S Kerr ◽  
R Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
The Relationship

1. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) acclimated to a temperature of 5 °C and 30 salinity were equipped with ultrasonic transmitters which allowed continuous monitoring of their heart rate and their position in the water column. Fish were placed in a 125 m3 tower tank which permitted various environmentally relevant modifications of the salinity and oxygenation conditions. Cod physiological and behavioural responses were followed in parallel to the environmental manipulations. Some of the experimental conditions studied in the tower tank were also reproduced in a swimming respirometer where fish oxygen consumption and heart rate were monitored at various levels of activity. 2. Lowering salinity from 30 to 26 did not change resting oxygen consumption, but increased active oxygen consumption. 3. Lowering salinity from 30 to 26 increased heart rate over the whole range of swimming speeds except at maximum speed. 4. Lowering oxygen tension to 9 kPa decreased oxygen consumption over the whole range of swimming speeds and decreased resting heart rate. 5. Low salinity did not significantly affect the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption. 6. Low oxygen levels decreased the oxygen transported per heart beat. 7. In the tower tank, bursts of activity were associated with tachycardias. 8. In uniform conditions, fish swam more deeply during the day than at night. 9. After an exploratory period of approximately 6 h, fish chose to remain in a low-salinity upper layer of the tank. Thereafter, high salinities were avoided. Fish tended to select low salinities if a choice was provided. 10. Fish generally avoided zones of low oxygen (<9 kPa) but continued voluntarily to enter regions with values as low as 3.0 kPa for short excursions or if food was offered.

The Use of a New Tilting Tunnel Respirometer to Investigate Some Aspects of Metabolism and Swimming Activity of the Plaice (Pleuronectes Platessa L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-309
Author(s):  
I. G. PRIEDE ◽  
F.G. T. HOLLIDAY
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negatively Buoyant

1. Plaice and other flatfish can be induced to swim down a slope of about 60° against an upwelling water flow in a water tunnel. 2. A tilting Brett-type tunnel respirometer based on the above principle enabled laboratory experiments on swimming plaice to be carried out. 3. From trials at 5°, 10°, 15 °C, the relationship between specific swimming speed, V (body lengths s−1), oxygen consumption, R (mg−1. kg−1 h−1) and temperature, T is: log10 = 0.3318V + log10 (2.45T+26.52). 4. If the fish is resting (i.e. V = 0), the oxygen consumption is lower than predicted by the above equation. At rest: R = 3.14T+2.66. 5. The cost of swimming in plaice is very similar to that of typical round fish such as haddock but the resting metabolic rate is lower than for haddock. 6. Before swimming, a negatively buoyant fish such as plaice must lift off the bottom. This cost of lift-off or posture effect makes it uneconomical for plaice to swim at speeds below 0.6V.

Uptake of Waterborne Methylmercury by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Relation to Oxygen Consumption and Methylmercury Concentration

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1309-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Rodgers ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Key Words Methylmercury ◽  
The Relationship

Oxygen consumption and uptake of waterborne methylmercury were measured for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) forced to swim at sustained swimming speeds at 10 and 20 °C. The concentrations of methylmercury used (< 8 μg Hg∙L−1) did not affect oxygen consumption. The log of mass specific oxygen consumption increased linearly with relative swimming speed. Standard metabolic rates were significantly different (P < 0.05) at 10 and 20 °C (111 and 192 mg O2∙kg−1∙h−1, respectively) but the rate of increase in oxygen consumption with swimming speed was not significantly different between temperatures. The rate of methylmercury uptake was positively correlated with both oxygen consumption and methylmercury concentration. Multiple linear regression equations relating the logs of rate of methylmercury uptake, rate of oxygen consumption, and methylmercury concentration at 10 and 20 °C were contiguous and a single equation described the relationship at both temperatures. The efficiency of methylmercury uptake relative to oxygen was ~0.25 at both temperatures. Assuming an oxygen percent utilization of 33%, the percent utilization of methylmercury from water was ~8%.Key words: methylmercury, uptake, respiration, oxygen consumption, rainbow trout, bioaccumulation, pollutant

Heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption of exercising macaroni penguins

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Green ◽  
P.J. Butler ◽  
A.J. Woakes ◽  
I.L. Boyd ◽  
R.L. Holder
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Treadmill Speed ◽  
Eudyptes Chrysolophus ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Twenty-four macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) from three groups, breeding males (N=9), breeding females (N=9) and moulting females (N=6), were exercised on a variable-speed treadmill. Heart rate (fH) and mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (sVO2) were recorded from the animals, and both fh and sVO2 were found to increase linearly with increasing treadmill speed. A linear regression equation described the relationship between fh and sVO2 for each individual. There were no significant differences in these regressions between breeding and moulting females. There were significant differences in these relationships between all females and breeding males. fH and s VO2 were recorded from five of these animals for a total of 24 h. When fh was used to predict sVO2 for the 24 h period using the derived regressions, the estimate was not significantly different from the measured values, with an average error of −2.1 %. When fh was used to predict sVO2 for the 5 min intervals used for the calibration in all 24 birds, the estimate was not significantly different from the observed values, and the average error was only +0.47 %. Since the fH/sVO2 relationship was the same during periods of the annual cycle when the animals were inactive/fasting and active/foraging, it seems reasonable that, as long as sex differences are taken into account, fh can be used to predict the metabolic rates of free-ranging macaroni penguins all year round.

Heart rate and behavior of fur seals: implications for measurement of field energetics

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. H844-H857 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Boyd ◽  
R. M. Bevan ◽  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
P. J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Archival data loggers were used to collect information about depth, swimming speed, and heart rate in 23 free-ranging antarctic fur seals. Deployments averaged 9.6 ± 5.6 days (SD) and totaled 191 days of recording. Heart rate averaged 108.7 ± 17.7 beats/min (SD) but varied from 83 to 145 beats/min among animals. Morphometrics explained most variations in heart rate among animals. These interacted with diving activity and swimming speed to produce a complex relationship between heart rate and activity patterns. Heart rate was also correlated with behavior over time lags of several hours. There was significant ( P < 0.05) variation among animals in the degree of diving bradycardia. On average, heart rate declined from 100–130 beats/min before the dive to 70–100 beats/min during submersion. On the basis of the relationship between heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption, the overall metabolic rate was 5.46 ± 1.61 W/kg (SD). Energy expenditure appears to be allocated to different activities within the metabolic scope of individual animals. This highlights the possibility that some activities can be mutually exclusive of one another.

The Swimming of Nymphon Gracile (Pycnogonida): The Energetics of Swimming at Constant Depth

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
ELFED MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Tidal Cycle ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tide Period

1. The mechanical power required by Nymphon for swimming at constant depth has been calculated from drag forces acting on the legs. For an adult male this was found to be 3.4 W kg. Only about 60% of this is used to support the animal's weight in water. 2. The metabolic rate fluctuates spontaneously over a tidal cycle, being greatest during the ebb-tide period. The mean rate of oxygen consumption during the animals least active phase was found to be about 0.1 μlO2 mg−1 h−1. 3. The total carbohydrate and lipid immediately available for combustion have been estimated at 4.64 and 16 μg/mg wet wt respectively. These quantities should be adequate for about 42 h periodic swimming in an adult Nymphon.

scholarly journals Demam pada Penggunaan Analgesia Persalinan Epidural

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-9
Author(s):  
Alfan Mahdi Nugroho ◽  
Yusmein Uyun ◽  
Annemarie Chrysantia Melati
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Neonatal Seizure ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Fetal Infection ◽  
Labour Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
The Relationship

Analgesia epidural telah diperkenalkan secara rutin sebagai salah satu modalitas analgesia pada proses persalinan sejak lama. Hubungan antara analgesia epidural persalinan dengan demam intrapartum pada maternal sudah disebutkan pada beberapa literatur. Demam didefinisikan sebagai peningkatan suhu tubuh lebih dari 38 oC yang didapat dari dua kali pemeriksaan. Beberapa teori yang disebutkan antara lain perubahan termoregulasi, infeksi pada ibu-janin dan inflamasi non-infeksi yang dimediasi oleh sitokin proinflamasi. Namun demikian berbagai mekanisme analgesia epidural dapat menyebabkan demam masih terus diteliti. Identifikasi demam pada ibu saat persalinan merupakan hal yang penting untuk dilakukan karena memiliki konsekuensi klinis pada ibu dan neonatus. Pada ibu ditemukan suhu yang meningkat dikaitkan dengan peningkatan denyut jantung ibu, curah jantung, konsumsi oksigen, dan produksi katekolamin. Sedangkan pada janin demam intrapartum dapat menyebabkan sepsis, perubahan skor APGAR, peningkatan kebutuhan bantuan napas dan kejadian kejang. Efek demam pada ibu dan janin masih terus dipelajari, sehingga suatu saat didapatkan cara pencegahan yang paling baik yang pada akhirnya menghindarkan keraguan untuk melakukan analgesia persalinan.   Fever during labour epidural analgesia Abstract Epidural analgesia has been routinely introduced as one of the analgesia modalities during labour. Literature has mentioned the relationship between epidural analgesia and intrapartum fever among mothers. Fever is defined as increased temperature above 38 oC in more than two measurements. Several theories have been proposed, inculing thermoregulation changes, mother-fetal infection, and non-infectious inflammation mediated by proinflammatory cytokines. However, these mechanisms have been continued to evolve. Fever identification in pregnant women is essential to recognize clinical consequences to both mothers and neonates. Increased temperature in mothers is associated with increased heart rate, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and catecholamines production. Meanwhile, in neonates intrapartum fever is related to sepsis, APGAR score changes, the need of respiratory support and incidence of neonatal seizure. Therefore, these consequences are extensively studied in order to determine the appropriate prevention.

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