Quantitative contribution of factors regulating rat colonic crypt epithelium: role of parenteral and enteral feeding, caloric intake, dietary cellulose level and the colon carcinogen DMH

Sweet taste, one of the five basic taste qualities, is not only important for evaluation of food quality, but also guides the dietary food choices of animals. Sweet taste involves a variety of chemical compounds and structures, including natural sugars, sugar alcohols, natural and artificial sweeteners, and sweet-tasting proteins. The preference for sweetness has induced the over-consumption of sugar, contributing to certain prevailing health problems, such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Non-nutritive sweeteners, including natural and synthetic sweeteners, and sweet-tasting proteins have been added to foods to reduce the caloric intake from sugar, but many of these sugar substitutes induce an off-taste or after taste that negatively impacts any pleasure derived from the sweet taste. Sweet taste is detected by sweet taste receptor, that also play an important role in the metabolic regulation of the body, such as glucose homeostasis and incretin hormone secretion. In this review, the role of sweet tastants and the sweet taste receptors involved in sweetness perception, and their effect on obesity and diabetes are summarized. Sweet taste enhancement, as a new way to solve the over-consumption of sugar, is discussed in this contribution. Sweet taste enhancers can bind with sweet tastans to potentiate the sweetness of food without producing any taste by itself. Various type of sweet taste enhancers, including synthetic compounds, food-processed substances and aroma compounds, are summarized. Notably, few natural, non-volatile compounds have been identified as sweetness enhancers.

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Role of early enteral feeding in mild and moderate acute pancreatitis

International Surgery Journal ◽

10.18203/2349-2902.isj20214376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 3387

Author(s):

Aswin George Roy ◽

Haridas T. V.

Keyword(s):

Acute Pancreatitis ◽

Hospital Stay ◽

Enteral Feeding ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Length Of Hospital Stay ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Early Enteral Feeding ◽

Systemic Complication ◽

Infective Complications

Background: Timing of enteral feeding in acute pancreatitis was always a matter of controversy. Increasing evidence suggests that early enteral feeding reduces systemic and local complications of pancreatitis and thereby hospital stay. Hence the study has been undertaken to determine the feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of early enteral feeding in mild and moderate acute pancreatitis. Methods: Patients admitted with symptoms and signs suggestive of mild and moderate acute pancreatitis who were started on early enteral feeding (within 48 hours of admission) were included in study. Blood investigation results are used to classify patients accordingly to mild and moderate acute pancreatitis based on Ransons’s score. Patients were followed up and categorized based on development of complications, length of hospital stay.Results: Majority of the patients who were started on early enteral feeding showed significant decrease in complications and hospital stay. Study also suggested that age is a significant risk in development of complications. Gender is not significant in the development of complications.Conclusions: There is significant decrease in rate of systemic complication, local infective and non-infective complications, length of hospital stay among acute pancreatitis patients who were started on early enteral feeding (within 48 hours).

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Sepsis and the Microbiome: A Vicious Cycle

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiaa682 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

William D Miller ◽

Robert Keskey ◽

John C Alverdy

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Enteral Feeding ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Antibiotic Stewardship ◽

Vicious Cycle ◽

Fecal Transplant ◽

Suspected Infection

Abstract Although sepsis has been characterized as a dysregulated immune response to an ongoing or suspected infection, the role of the microbiome as a key influencer of the septic response is emerging. The unavoidable disruption of the microbiome while treating sepsis with antibiotics can itself result in immune system dysregulation, further exacerbating the course and outcome of sepsis. Alterations in the gut microbiome as a result of sepsis and its treatment have been implicated in the organ dysfunction typical of sepsis across a wide variety of tissues including the lung, kidney and brain. A number of microbiota directed interventions are currently under investigation in the setting of sepsis including fecal transplant, the administration of dietary fiber in enteral feeding products and the use of antibiotic scavengers that are directed at attenuating the effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota while allowing them to concentrate at the primary sites of infection. Taken together, the emerging role of the gut microbiome in sepsis touches various elements of the pathophysiology of sepsis and its treatment, and provides yet another reason to consider the judicious use of antibiotics via antibiotic stewardship programs.

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Perspective: Measuring Sweetness in Foods, Beverages, and Diets: Toward Understanding the Role of Sweetness in Health

Advances in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/advances/nmaa151 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paula R Trumbo ◽

Katherine M Appleton ◽

Kees de Graaf ◽

John E Hayes ◽

David J Baer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Caloric Intake ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Public Health Agencies ◽

Health Agencies ◽

Future Direction ◽

Optimal Approach ◽

Support Evidence

ABSTRACT Various global public health agencies recommend minimizing exposure to sweet-tasting foods or beverages. The underlying rationale is that reducing exposure to the perception of sweet tastes, without regard to the source of sweetness, may reduce preferences for sweetness, added sugar intake, caloric intake, and body weight. However, the veracity of this sequence of outcomes has yet to be documented, as revealed by findings from recent systematic reviews on the topic. Efforts to examine and document the effects of sweetness exposure are needed to support evidence-based recommendations. They require a generally agreed-upon methodology for measuring sweetness in foods, beverages, and the overall diet. Although well-established sensory evaluation techniques exist for individual foods in laboratory settings, they are expensive and time-consuming, and agreement on the optimal approach for measuring the sweetness of the total diet is lacking. If such a measure could be developed, it would permit researchers to combine data from different studies and populations and facilitate the design and conduct of new studies to address unresolved research questions about dietary sweetness. This narrative review includes an overview of available sensory techniques, their strengths and limitations, recent efforts to measure the sweetness of foods and diets across countries and cultures, and a proposed future direction for improving methods for measuring sweetness toward developing the data required to support evidence-based recommendations around dietary sweetness.

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Suppression of food intake by intravenous nutrients and insulin in the baboon

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1984.247.2.r393 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 247 (2) ◽

pp. R393-R401 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. C. Woods ◽

L. J. Stein ◽

L. D. McKay ◽

D. Porte

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Glucose Infusion ◽

Base Line ◽

Papio Cynocephalus ◽

Insulin Levels ◽

Daily Caloric Intake ◽

Total Base ◽

Regulate Food Intake

Intravenous nutrients were infused at 25 and 50% of total base-line daily caloric intake to determine the role of circulating factors on spontaneous food ingestion in young adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Glucose infusion suppressed food intake (15.1%) when 25% of total calories was infused (P less than 0.05) and 41.8% when 50% of total calories was infused (P less than 0.05) for 14-21 days. Both infusions produced basal hyperglycemia (82-172 mg/dl during 25% glucose and 120-239 mg/dl during 50% glucose). Both infusions also caused an increase in circulating insulin (48.1-63.1 microU/ml during 25% glucose and 68.5-77.2 microU/ml during 50% glucose). The simultaneous infusion of exogenous insulin (0.33 mU X kg-1 X min-1) prevented hyperglycemia (85.8-87.9 mg/dl during 25% glucose) but maintained raised basal peripheral insulin levels (52.4-84.4 microU/ml). The 13% suppression of food intake (P less than 0.05) was similar to glucose infusion alone. Comparable infusions of Intralipid as 25 and 50% of total daily calories also suppressed spontaneous food intake but did not produce hyperglycemia or elevated insulin levels. The magnitude of suppression was similar to that of glucose: 16% when 25% of basal calories was infused (P less than 0.05) and 31.3% when 50% of basal calories was infused (P less than 0.05). However, the pattern was different with a more rapid effect, which tended to diminish in time, rather than the slow effect found with glucose, which was maintained for 14 days. We conclude that circulating nutrients can regulate food intake independent of gastrointestinal absorption in primates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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