Arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa): germination and emergence

Dormant (fresh) and nondormant (afterripened) prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) seeds were extracted and bioassayed for both inhibitory and promotory growth regulators. Both dormant and nondormant prickly sida seeds contained water-soluble inhibitors, but these inhibitor levels in nondormant seeds did not change after 8 hr of incubation. A basic inhibitor was present in dormant seeds, but not in nondormant seeds. Exogenous growth regulators stimulated germination of dormant seeds only when a portion of the seed coat was removed. Promoter levels in nonincubated, dormant and nondormant seeds were similar, but there were increases in promoter levels in nondormant seeds after 8 hr of incubation. However, it was not determined whether the promoter increases were a cause or a result of germination.

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Peanut Weed Control Systems Utilizing RE-408851

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-16-2-7 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 87-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. C. Mueller ◽

P. A. Banks

Keyword(s):

Control Systems ◽

Weed Control ◽

Cassia Obtusifolia ◽

Arachis Hypogea ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Better Than

Abstract RE-40885 (5-(methylamino)-2-phenyl-4-3-(trifluoromethyl phenyl)-3(2H)-furanone), a newly developed herbicide with soil and foliar activity, was evaluated for weed control in peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.). RE-40885 applied to the soil or foliage provided excellent Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) control at rates of 0.56 to 1.12 kg ai/ha. Sequential applications of RE-40885 were needed to achieve > 90% sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) control. Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.) was not adequately controlled by any of the RE-40885 treatments evaluated. Peanuts were not injured by RE-40885 at any of the evaluated rates or application times. The combination of RE-40885 and 2,4-DB applied early postemergence improved sicklepod control 8 weeks after planting when compared to either RE-40885 or 2,4-DB applied alone. The combination of R E-40885 and alachlor applied at peanut emergence improved morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) control 8 weeks after planting and increased peanut yield when compared to either applied alone. All treatments containing RE-40885 resulted in peanut yields that were significantly better than nontreated weedy control plots.

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Weed management in bromoxynil-resistantGossypium hirsutum

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500092328 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 596-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Mary D. Paulsgrove ◽

John W. Wilcut

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Weed Management ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Cassia Occidentalis ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Anoda Cristata

An experiment was conducted at two locations in Georgia and two locations in North Carolina during 1994 and 1995 to evaluate weed management in conventional-tillage bromoxynil-resistantGossypium hirsutumL. (cotton). The weed management systems evaluated included different combinations of fluometuron preemergence (PRE), bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus MSMA early postemergence (EPOST), bromoxynil postemergence (POST), and cyanazine plus MSMA late post-directed (LAYBY). Fluometuron PRE improved control ofAcanthospermum hisptdiumDC. (bristly starbur),Cassia occidentalisL. (coffee senna),Chenopodium albumL. (common lambsquarters),Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC. (Florida beggarweed),Sida spinosaL. (prickly sida),Jacquemontia tamnifolia(L.) Griseb. (smallflower morningglory), andAnoda cristata(L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda), compared to system that did not use fluometuron PRE. It also improvedG. hirsutumyields at three four locations. Bromoxynil-containing systems provided better weed control and higherG. hirsutumyields than systems without bromoxynil. Bromoxynil EPOST controlledA. hispidium, C. occidentalis, C. album, D. tortuosum, S. spinosa, J. tamnifolia, andA. cristata.Control of these species was frequently improved by a second application of bromoxynil POST. Bromoxynil EPOST, POST, or EPOST plus POST did not controlSenna obtusifolia(L.) Irwin and Barneby (sicklepod), but the addition of MSMA to bromoxynil EPOST improvedS. obtusifoliacontrol. Control of all dicotyledonous weeds was improved by a LAYBY treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA, and yields were improved at three of four locations with this treatment.Gossypium hirsutumwas not injured by POST treatments of bromoxynil, and only temporary injury resulted from POST treatments of MSMA.

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Development of Isocitric Lyase Activity in Germinating Prickly Sida Seed

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500065991 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 298-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bonnie J. Reger ◽

E. Wayne Smith

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Actinomycin D ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Lyase Activity ◽

Radicle Protrusion ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

D 12 ◽

Prickly Sida

Maximum activity of isocitric lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) was reached at 24 hr incubation of afterripened (nondormant) prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) seed. Enzyme activity declined gradually with incubation times in excess of 24 hr. Actinomycin D (Act D) at 5 μg/ml had essentially no effect on 24-hr germination but inhibited development of isocitric lyase activity 83%. Cycloheximide (CH) at 10 μg/ml inhibited 24-hr germination of punctured seed only 7% but inhibited development of isocitric lyase activity 76%. Seed incubated in water 12 hr before being transferred to Act D at 5 μg/ml for an additional 12 hr did not escape sensitivity to the antibiotic. Isocitric lyase activity was inhibited when assayed at 24 hr total incubation. In the reverse experiment, seed incubated in Act D 12 hr before being transferred to water, isocitric lyase activity at 24 hr was not affected. Apparently prickly sida seed lacked a performed mRNA for isocitric lyase and transcription and translation of the mRNA occurred shortly after initiation of radicle protrusion (~8 hr).

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Fusarium lateritium: A Pathogen of Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500040170 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 629-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

H. Lynn Walker

Keyword(s):

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Weed Species ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Fusarium Lateritium ◽

Hibiscus Trionum ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Stem Lesions ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Anoda Cristata

An isolate ofFusarium lateritium(Nees) emend. Snyder and Hansen was associated with naturally occurring disease of spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) plants. In greenhouse inoculation studies, theFusariumisolate was pathogenic to healthy spurred anoda and prickly sida plants. The disease symptoms were characterized by leaf, stem, and root lesions. The stem lesions enlarged with time and formed cankers that often girdled the stems and killed inoculated plants. In host-range studies, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionumL.), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Moench], and hollyhock [Althaea rosea(L.) Cav.] were also susceptible to the pathogen. This is the first report of these six species as hosts for this pathogen. Corn (Zea maysL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. andG. barbadenseL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], and 18 other representative crop and weed species in eight families were resistant to the pathogen.F. lateritiummay be a useful biological herbicide for susceptible malvaceous weeds.

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Environmental Conditions Required for Germination of Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500059993 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 786-791 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jerry M. Baskin ◽

Carol C. Baskin

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Freezing And Thawing ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Moist Chilling ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Lower Temperature ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida

Various environmental factors were tested under laboratory conditions to determine their effects on germination of seeds of prickly sida (Sida spinosaL. ♯3SIDSP). Neither freezing and thawing nor moist chilling at 5 C promoted seed germination. However, increasing the incubation temperature and subjecting seeds to wet-dry cycles enhanced germination; high temperatures were more effective than alternate wetting and drying. Shifting seeds from a lower to a higher temperature regime increased germination. Seeds shifted from 15/6, 20/10, 25/15, or 30/15 C to higher regimes of 20/10, 25/15, 30/15, 35/20, or 40/25 C germinated to greater percentages than did seeds kept continuously at the lower thermoperiods. With an increase in length of time seeds were at a lower temperature, there was an increase in the percentage that germinated after they were moved to a higher regime.

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Evaluation ofAlternaria macrosporaas a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata): Host Range Studies

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500045987 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 612-614 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

H. L. Walker ◽

G. L. Sciumbato

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Hibiscus Trionum ◽

Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽

Specialized Form ◽

Hibiscus Esculentus ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Anoda Cristata

The host range of an isolate of the fungal pathogenAlternaria macrosporaZimmerman from infected spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] leaves was studied in the greenhouse and growth chamber. The fungus was inoculated to representative plants in the Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Leguminosae, and Gramineae families. Evidence of infection was limited to plants in the Malvaceae, with spurred anoda being the most susceptible species tested. Only negligible damage was incited on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′) and long staple cotton (G. barbadenseL. ‘Pima S–5′), hollyhock [Althaea rosea(L.) Cav.], okra (Hibiscus esculentusL. ‘Clemson spineless’), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), and Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionumL.). Disease symptoms induced in cotton by the spurred anoda isolate ofA. macrosporawere much less severe than those reported for other isolates of the fungus. Therefore, the spurred anoda isolate may be a specialized form of the fungus.

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Weed Seed and Seedling Reductions by Soil Solarization by Transparent Polyethylene Sheets

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500069253 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 404-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Grant H. Egley

Keyword(s):

Soil Depth ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Soil Solarization ◽

Grass Species ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Trianthema Portulacastrum ◽

Maximum Temperatures ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Weed Emergence

Solarization by means of transparent polyethylene sheets for 1 week in mid-summer significantly (P = 0.05) reduced numbers of viable prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlect.] seeds remaining after burial in soil. Solarization treatments for 1 to 4 weeks significantly reduced the total weed emergence of prickly sida, pigweeds (Amaranthusspecies), spurred anoda, morningglories (Ipomoeaspecies), horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrumL.), and various grass species from natural seed populations for the growing season by 64 to 98%. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) emergence was increased by solarization in some instances. It was not determined if the increased emergence was from tubers or seeds. Maximum temperatures at the 1.3-cm soil depth under the polyethylene sheets reached 65 to 69C for 3 to 4 h of the mid-afternoon on clear days as compared with 43 to 50C at 1.3 cm in the soils that were not covered. Surface soil-moisture levels were also elevated under the polyethylene covers. Although solarization did not eliminate dormant weed seeds from the germination zone, the treatment killed nondormant seeds and greatly reduced the number of weed seedlings that otherwise would have emerged.

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Imazethapyr for Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-18-1-9 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 26-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

John W. Wilcut ◽

F. Robert Walls ◽

David N. Horton

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Complete Control ◽

Pyridine Carboxylic Acid ◽

Eclipta Prostrata ◽

Pyridine Carboxylic ◽

Sida Spinosa ◽

Prickly Sida ◽

Anoda Cristata

Abstract Field experiments were conducted at the Tidewater Agric. Exp. Station, Suffolk, VA in 1988 and 1989 to evaluate imazethapyr [(±)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridine-carboxylic acid]for broadleaf weed control in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Imazethapyr was applied preplant-incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), at ground-cracking (GC), and postemergence (POT) at rates of 0.036, 0.071, or 0.105 kg ai ha-1. Several sequential imazathapyr systems were also included. The standard of pendimethalin (N-ethylpropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine) PPI, metolachlor(2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide) PRE, and acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) plus bentazon (3-(1-methyethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2, 2-dioxide) POT was included for comparative purposes. Imazethapyr applied either PPI or PRE at 0.071 or 0.105 kg ha-1 provided <90% spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), control and <96% prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), control. Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) control was 95% when imazathapyr was applied PRE at 0.105 kg ha-1. Greater than 90% annual morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) control was only achieved with imazethapyr applied PPI or PRE at 0.105 kg ha-1. The standard provided complete control of eclipta, and 51%, 92%, and 94% control of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), and annual morningglories, respectively. Several imazethapyr systems yielded equivalent to the standard. Averaged across all rates, imazathapyr applied PPI yielded 4110 kg ha-1, PRE = 3860 kg ha-1, GC = 3680 kg ha-1, and POT = 3370 kg ha-1. Several imazethapyr systems provided net returns equivalent to the standard. Corn grown the following year was not injured by any imazethapyr treatment to peanuts the previous year.

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