Corruption: An Alternative Approach to its Definition and Measurement

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Kurer
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Public Office ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Significant Enrichment ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Definition Of

Discussion of the definition of corruption has progressed little since Heidenheimer's groundbreaking distinction between definitions centred on public opinion, public office and public interest. All these definitions have been severely criticised. I suggest that underneath these traditional concepts of corruption lurks a much older one based on distributive justice – namely the ‘impartiality principle’, whereby a state ought to treat equally those who deserve equally. This principle provides a much more plausible reason for why the public condemns corruption than alternative approaches, and, moreover, it is recognised fairly universally: the implicit distinction between ‘public’ and ‘private’ is certainly neither as ‘modern’ nor as ‘Western’ as many have claimed. The universality of the principle of impartiality does not imply universality of its content: who deserves equally, or, alternatively, on which grounds discrimination is ruled out, will be answered differently at different periods in time and will vary from society to society. The impartiality principle provides a starting point for the discussion of both corruption in ‘traditional’ societies and contemporary political corruption – corruption involving violations of specific non-discrimination norms governing the access to the political process and the allocation of rights and resources. The impartiality principle calls for rule-bound administration and thus underpins the public office definition of corruption. A central element of the analysis of corruption is the study of specific non-discrimination norms and their comparison across time and place. This approach leads to a significant enrichment of the concept of corruption.

The Noise Abatement Campaign in Industrializing Japan, 1923–37

Resonance ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-327
Author(s):  
Shuhei Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Noise Abatement ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Causal Responsibility ◽  
Kanto Earthquake ◽  
Definition Of

Drawing on Karin Bijsterveld’s triple definition of noise as ownership, political responsibility, and causal responsibility, this article traces how modern Japan problematized noise, and how noise represented both the aspirational discourse of Western civilization and the experiential nuisance accompanying rapid changes in living conditions in 1920s Japan. Primarily based on newspaper archives, the analysis will approach the problematic of noise as it was manifested in different ways in the public and private realms. In the public realm, the mid-1920s marked a turning point due to the reconstruction work after the Great Kantô Earthquake (1923) and the spread of the use of radios, phonographs, and loudspeakers. Within a few years, public opinion against noise had been formed by a coalition of journalists, police, the judiciary, engineers, academics, and municipal officials. This section will also address the legal regulation of noise and its failure; because public opinion was “owned” by middle-class (sub)urbanites, factory noises in downtown areas were hardly included in noise abatement discourse. Around 1930, the sounds of radios became a social problem, but the police and the courts hesitated to intervene in a “private” conflict, partly because they valued radio as a tool for encouraging nationalist mobilization and transmitting announcements from above. In sum, this article investigates the diverse contexts in which noise was perceived and interpreted as such, as noise became an integral part of modern life in early 20th-century Japan.

Fiduciary Principles and Public Offices

2019 ◽  
pp. 302-322
Author(s):  
Ethan J. Leib ◽  
Stephen R. Galoob
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Public Office ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Normative Structure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Positive Law

This chapter examines how fiduciary principles apply to public offices, focusing on what it means for officeholders to comport themselves to their respective public roles appropriately. Public law institutions can operate in accordance with fiduciary norms even when they are enforced differently from the remedial mechanisms available in private fiduciary law. In the public sector, fiduciary norms are difficult to enforce directly and the fiduciary norms of public office do not overlap completely with the positive law governing public officials. Nevertheless, core fiduciary principles are at the heart of public officeholding, and public officers need to fulfill their fiduciary role obligations. This chapter first considers three areas of U.S. public law whose fiduciary character reinforces the tenet that public office is a public trust: the U.S. Constitution’s “Emoluments Clauses,” administrative law, and the law of judging. It then explores the fiduciary character of public law by looking at the deeper normative structure of public officeholding, placing emphasis on how public officeholders are constrained by the principles of loyalty, care, deliberation, conscientiousness, and robustness. It also compares the policy implications of the fiduciary view of officeholding with those of Dennis Thompson’s view before concluding with an explanation of how the application of fiduciary principles might differ between public and private law settings and how public institutions might be designed or reformed in light of fiduciary norms.

Song, Confession, and Criminality: Trial Records as Sources for Popular Musical Culture in Early Modern Europe

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
City Government ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the city government of Augsburg, Germany, struggled to maintain religious peace as the confessional boundaries between its Catholic and Protestant communities hardened. As tensions gradually rose, city officials feared and scrutinized the disruptive potential of the psalms and chorales sung by Augsburg's Protestant majority. Those suspected of owning, singing, or distributing inflammatory songs were subject to imprisonment, interrogation, torture, and exile. When an Imperial decree established a fully Catholic city government in March 1629, the authorities tightened this scrutiny, banning Protestant singing entirely in public and private and using a network of informants to catch violators. A remarkably well-preserved collection of criminal interrogation records in Augsburg dramatizes city officials' concern about religious song and their attempts to restrict its cultivation through coercive measures. These records, which preserve the testimony of suspects and witnesses as well as original evidence (such as manuscript or printed songs), show the ways in which local authorities tried to control singing that they felt threatened the public peace. At the same time, these sources give us unparalleled insight into the production, performance, and circulation of religious songs. Although the interrogations reveal much about how and where songs——often contrafacta of well-known psalms or chorales——were written and performed, the authorities were especially intent on finding out how they originated, who bought, sold, and sang them, and why. These exchanges between interrogators and suspects provide a starting point for an analysis of the relationship between singing, religion, and criminality in an early modern urban environment.

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of the Global Medical Tourism

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Anatoliy I. CHISTOBAEV ◽  
Zoya A. SEMENOVA
Keyword(s):  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Medical Infrastructure ◽  
To Receive

The study focuses on the emergence and development of medical tourism at the global and country levels. Article provides a definition of a medical tourism, reveals the stages of its formation – from the origin at ancient cultures to modern high technologies of biomedicine. The country ranking results held on the basis of an integrated index, featuring the assessment of the level of equipment at the medical infrastructure, the maintenance of hospitals, the availability of qualified specialists is discussed. The best practices of medical tourism are analyzed. It is shown that due to lower prices and higher service quality, the geographic vector of those wishing to receive treatment abroad is shifting to Asian countries. The need to strengthen the attention of government agencies to the development of medical tourism in the public and private health sectors is noted.

scholarly journals INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF PUBLIC FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN ENSURING EMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (06) ◽  
pp. 287-293
Author(s):  
Abduraimova Nigora Radjabovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Financial Management ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Financial Cycles ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The paper reveals the essence of the system of public financial management (PFM), defines its key elements of the PFM system, and articulates goals and objectives in enhancing employment. The authors definition of PFM is given. A comparative analysis of managerial financial cycles in the public and private sectors of the economy is carried out. The historical aspect of the PFM reforms is also analyzed, and various approaches to financial management (income and expenditure) in the public sector are studied and suggested better ways to improve the busyness of the population. Factors influencing the effectiveness of the PFM reforms are revealed. The challenges faced by financial managers in implementing public finance reforms are analyzed, and the opportunities that can be used to achieve the objectives of the PFM system, some of which are simultaneously challenges are analyzed.

scholarly journals Qualitative Analysis of Sustainable Indicators: An Approach to Correlate Sustainable Indicators with Transportation Practices

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Hariharan Naganathan ◽  
Aaron D Sauer ◽  
Oswald Chong ◽  
Jonghoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
Performance Benchmark ◽  
Time Variables ◽  
Transportation Agencies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sustainable Indicators

Transportation sustainability is centered on being the linchpin to cultivate innovations and enhance safer environmental standards. The public and private agencies adopt sustainable practices integrating their policies in order to elevate sustainability performances. There is an advent need of developing a tool for quantifying the transportation policies and practices. This paper explains (1) the fundamental practices adopted by different transportation agencies; (2) the impacts of three pillars on developing the sustainable indicators; (3) the selection of indicators and their grouping; and (4) the statistical relationship between indicators with the real-time variables population and GDP. This performance benchmark aims to quantify the sustainability practices of the state and its transportation agencies by assessing their environmental, social, and economic practices. The paper examines the relationship between the selected sustainable indicators and establishes the framework for the sustainability of transportation. This framework is a starting point for adding more relevant indicators to measure the sustainability of transportation when data become available.

scholarly journals Liminal Publics, Marginal Resistance

IDEA JOURNAL ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 88-101
Author(s):  
Menna Agha ◽  
Els DeVos
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Liminal Spaces ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Definition Of

In 1964, indigenous Nubians were displaced from their original land – the land between what is now Egypt and that of Sudan – to modernised settlements built by the Egyptian state. The Nubians dissatisfaction with the novel built environment translated into transgressive public spaces. One of the most common transgressions was the addition of an external bench called Mastaba. Since power relations between men and women have changed, the built environment now acts as a catalyst in the exclusion of women from formal public spaces such as conventional coffee shops and squares. Mastabas function as liminal spaces, spaces which blur the boundaries between public and private spheres. As these spaces do not suit the formal understanding of public spaces, we investigate these liminal spaces in order to reveal the spatial tactics of the marginal. We argue that the existence of these spaces raises issues of spatial justice and spatial resistance.    The behaviour of liminal public spaces varies; they have the ability to transform adjacent spaces. This research investigates the role of the Mastaba in opening up the public space for women, thereby giving them the ability to contribute to the writing of their social contract. We base our analysis on extensive fieldwork, consisting of auto-ethnographic observations and participation, informed by a feminist epistemology. We use tools of spatial analysis to explore an alternative public space offered by liminality. To question the binary notions of private and public space, we ask ourselves: where does that space start? As spatial professionals, we also wonder: can we contest the hegemonic definition of public space and contribute to spatial resistance? Drawing lessons from the case of the Mastaba, we propose contingencies for designing the liminal that serve the marginal.

scholarly journals Chilean Construction Institute: building consensus in coordinating common issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 01041
Author(s):  
Francis Pfenniger
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Construction Institute

The twenty years of research experience of the Chilean Construction Institute (IC) to promote “public and private efforts to improve quality, productivity and sustainability in construction” are presented in this paper. IC is a non-profit organisation formed by some public, private and academic actors: two ministries, two universities (Universidad de Chile and Universidad Católica de Chile) the Chilean Construction Chamber, three guilds (Architects, Builders and Engineers) and private industries (from the materials sector) formed this very atypical organisation back in the nineteen-nineties. The IC is a transverse association in which the actors meet freely to discuss issues that affect the construction sector, trying to find common proposals to contribute regarding the development of the country. Important actions have been developed, such as the Chilean isolation regulation; the social housing pathologies study; the National Construction Norms Council; the Chilean construction norms site; the public buildings case study; the CES - Chilean building certification system; the digitalisation of the building authorization system (on the municipal level); the Regional Seismic Code (for all Latin American and Caribbean countries) and others impossible to include here. This effort has proved to be effective and efficient in order to promote regulation upgrading and conduct studies that would otherwise be difficult to do. An interesting case is the thermal isolation regulation: with the support of the academic world, it was possible to agree a common starting point which, at the beginning, was strongly opposed by some actors. This updated regulation has proven that this public-private and academic joint venture is reliable and effective. Two cases are discussed in detail in this document.

scholarly journals O declínio do sentido público da educação

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (223) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Pedagogical Discourse ◽  
Deep Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Individual Success ◽  
Economical Growth ◽  
Impacto Económico

Em conferência apresentada ao final da década de setenta, o filósofo C. Leffort vinculou a difusão dos discursos pedagógicos “modernizantes” ao esvanecimento do ideal ético-politico da educação. Este artigo pretende, a partir dos escritos de Arendt, vincular esse esvanecimento a um aspecto característico do mundo contemporâneo: a diluição das fronteiras entre as esferas pública e privada. Esse fenômeno tem acarretado profundo impacto nas concepções sobre o significado da ação educativa e nas propostas de políticas públicas que almejam regular as concepções docentes, os conteúdos ministrados e as práticas avaliativas dos sistemas. O que se procurará demonstrar é que à medida que se passa a conceber o valor e a qualidade da educação preponderantemente a partir de seu alegado impacto econômico na vida privada do indivíduo perde-se, conseqüentemente, seu sentido ético e político. Abstract The decline in the public sense of education In a conference presented in the late seventies, the French philosopher C. Leffort linked the emergence of ‘modern’ pedagogical discourse to the disappearance of ethical and political ideals of education. The present article aims at connecting this disappearance to a typical feature of the contemporary world: the evanescence of the boundaries between the public and private spheres. This phenomenon has had a deep impact on general concepts concerning the meaning of education and on public policies aimed at regulating teachers’ procedures, curricula choices and evaluative practices. What the study intends to demonstrate is that the more one associates the significance of schooling to economical growth and individual success, the less one conceives it as an ethical and political process of building up an image of man. Keywords: public sphere; Arendt; formation and ethical ideals.

scholarly journals The Pluralisation of Family Life: Implications for Preschool Education

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-171
Author(s):  
Mojca Kovač Šebart ◽  
Roman Kuhar
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Teacher Assistants ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
The Family ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Family Code

The article takes as its starting point the public debate about the newly proposed Family Code in Slovenia in 2009. Inter alia, the Code introduced a new, inclusive definition of the family in accordance with the contemporary pluralisation of family life. This raised a number of questions about how – if at all – various families are addressed in the process of preschooleducation in public preschools in Slovenia. We maintain that the family is the child’s most important frame of reference. It is therefore necessary for the preschool community to respect family plurality and treat it as such in everyday life and work. In addition, preschool teachers and preschool teacher assistants are bound by the formal framework and the current curriculum, which specifies that children in preschools must be acquainted with various forms of families and family communities. This also implies that parents – despite their right to educate their children in accordance with their religious and philosophical convictions – have no right to interfere in the educational process and insist on their particular values, such as the demand that some family forms remain unmentioned.

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