No Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Under Stress

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1356-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Koessler ◽  
Harald Engler ◽  
Carsten Riether ◽  
Johanna Kissler
Keyword(s):  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Final Recall ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Memory Inhibition ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Induced Forgetting

Stress affects memory, yet no study has investigated the effects of stress on memory inhibition: Remembering not only facilitates later recall, but also inhibits retrieval of related material, a phenomenon known as retrieval-induced forgetting. We investigated the effects of stress on this mechanism, which is thought to adaptively guide memory selection. Participants learned categorized lists and were then exposed to either a psychosocial laboratory stressor or a cognitively challenging control treatment. They then actively retrieved parts of the previously learned material. Finally, memory for all initially learned items was tested. In the stress group, unlike in the control group, intervening retrieval practice did not impair final recall. Moreover, salivary Cortisol levels increased and psychological well-being decreased in the stress group only. Thus, psychosocial stress abolishes retrieval-induced forgetting. This effect may result from stress-induced hormone release from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and may have implications for educational, legal, and clinical issues.

scholarly journals Exercise and Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Psych ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
Justin Cantrelle ◽  
Paul Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Experimental Group

Retrieving a subset of items from memory can cause forgetting of other related items in memory, referred to as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). This type of forgetting (RIF) is thought to be related to working memory and executive control processes, of which are known to be influenced by acute exercise. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether acute exercise could accentuate RIF. A two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled intervention was employed. Participants (N = 40) were randomized into one of two groups, including an experimental group (15-min of moderate-intensity exercise) and a control group (time-matched seated task). Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) and retrieval practice (RP) were assessed from a category-exemplar memory task. There was no significant main effect for RIF and no group by RIF interaction, suggesting that acute exercise did not alter RIF more than the control group. There was a significant main effect for RP, but there was no group by RP interaction. These RP findings align with the RIF findings, indicating that acute exercise did not alter RP more so than the control group. In conclusion, our experimental results do not provide support for an association of acute exercise on retrieval-induced forgetting or retrieval practice.

scholarly journals Auditory Distraction Eliminates Retrieval Induced Forgetting

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 368-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Marsh ◽  
Patrik Sörqvist ◽  
C. Philip Beaman ◽  
Dylan M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Auditory Distraction ◽  
Inhibitory Process ◽  
Practice Phase ◽  
Final Recall ◽  
Target Category ◽  
Spoken Words ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Category Exemplars

The Retrieval-Induced Forgetting (RIF) paradigm includes three phases: (a) study/encoding of category exemplars, (b) practicing retrieval of a sub-set of those category exemplars, and (c) recall of all exemplars. At the final recall phase, recall of items that belong to the same categories as those items that undergo retrieval practice, but that did not undergo retrieval practice themselves, is impaired. The received view is that this is because retrieval of target category-exemplars (e.g., “Tiger” in the category Four-legged animal) requires inhibition of nontarget category-exemplars (e.g., “Dog” and “Lion”) that compete for retrieval. Here, we used the RIF paradigm to investigate whether ignoring auditory items during the retrieval-practice phase modulates the inhibitory process. In two experiments, RIF was present when retrieval practice was conducted in quiet and when it was conducted in the presence of spoken words that were drawn from a different category to that from which the targets for retrieval practice were selected. In contrast, RIF was abolished when words that were either identical to, or merely semantically related to, the retrieval-practice words were presented as background speech. The results suggest that the act of ignoring speech can reduce inhibition of the non-practiced category-exemplars, thereby eliminating RIF, but only when the spoken words are competitors for retrieval (i.e., belong to the same semantic category as the to-be-retrieved items).

scholarly journals On the relationship between the rate of learning and retrieval-induced forgetting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ádám Markója ◽  
Ágnes Szőllősi ◽  
Mihály Racsmány
Keyword(s):  
Memory Effect ◽  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Final Recall ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Retrieval Session

AbstractA plethora of studies demonstrated that repeated selective retrieval of target items from semantic categories has an adverse memory effect on semantically-related memories, a phenomenon called retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). However, there is a range of boundary conditions for RIF. For instance, forming interconnections between target and competitors, long-term delay without sleep between practice and final recall, and the form of learning all attenuate the effect of selective practice on the accessibility of semantically-related competitors. The aim of the present research was to investigate the latent general preconditions behind the reductions of RIF. In Experiment 1 participants learned category-exemplar pairs with repeated study or combined study-full test sessions followed by a selective retrieval practice and a full cued-recall test. We found lower difference between performance on the non-practiced items from practiced categories (Rp-) and their baseline from unpracticed categories (Nrp-) suggesting a reduction in retrieval-induced forgetting. However, regression analysis revealed that this was possibly caused by the increased recall performance independently from the presence of an initial full retrieval session. Therefore, in Experiment 2 participants learned the same pairs through a study followed by two study, two test or combined study-test cycles. As the consequence of increased rate of learning we confirmed the complete absence of retrieval-induced forgetting with Bayes factor analysis. Our results suggest that the adverse memory effect of selective retrieval practice shows a non monotonic dependency on the strength of the mnemonic representations.

Repeated prenatal stress sessions produce changes in exploration and despair detectable at weanling in wistar rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1576-1576
Author(s):  
B. Bernal-Morales ◽  
C.M. Contreras ◽  
J. Cueto-Escobedo ◽  
G. Guillén-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Prenatal Stress ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Postnatal Stress

IntroductionDuring gestation and maternal behavior, some physiological events can protect the dam and offspring, but explanations for such phenomena are partially unknown. The effects of stress during prenatal development and infancy can be studied in controlled laboratory conditions.ObjectiveTo determine the pre- and postnatal effects of stress on coping strategies in weanling rats subjected to the open field and forced swim tests after their dams are subjected to stress during gestation.MethodRats aged 21 postnatal days (PND) were assigned to either a Control group (n = 36; offspring from intact dams during gestation) or a Prenatal stress group (n = 36; offspring from dams forced to swim during 5 min sessions on gestational days 1, 7, 14, and 19). Both groups were tested in the open field to evaluate locomotor activity and rearing. In another experiment, PND21 intact rats assigned to a Control group (n = 26) or Postnatal stress group (n = 35) were subjected to restraint stress for 6 min prior to the tests and were later evaluated in the forced swim test.ResultsLocomotor activity (p < 0.026) and rearing (p < 0.001) were lower in the Prenatal stress group compared with the Control group. The latency to first immobility was shorter (p < 0.008), and the total immobility time was longer (p < 0.005) in the Postnatal stress group than Control group.ConclusionStress exposure during gestation produces detectable changes during weanling, consisting of reduced exploratory activity and susceptibility to despair.

Exhaustion of the Executive Control Capacity Eliminates Retrieval Induced Forgetting

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110187
Author(s):  
Ceyda Tumen ◽  
Simay Ikier
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Practice Phase ◽  
Final Recall ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Concurrent Tasks ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
The One ◽  
Prior Task

Retrieval Induced Forgetting (RIF) demonstrates that retrieval of information can lead to forgetting of related information. The standard RIF paradigm involves studying a certain number of category-exemplar pairs; thereafter, half of the exemplars from half of the categories are retrieved. Finally, all studied pairs are recalled. RIF is revealed when unretrieved exemplars from the retrieved categories are more poorly recalled than exemplars from the unretrieved categories. One explanation for RIF asserts that inhibition prevents interference from the exemplars of the same category during the interpolated retrieval practice phase, which leads to forgetting of these items at final recall. An ongoing debate concerns whether this inhibition requires executive control or whether it is automatic. If inhibition in RIF involves executive control, then a task that will exhaust this limited capacity should reduce or eliminate the RIF effect. The effects of concurrent tasks during the retrieval practice phase have been shown to reduce or eliminate RIF, however, to our knowledge, the effects of prior tasks on RIF has not been investigated. In the present study, in one condition, we conducted an exhaustive inhibition task before the retrieval practice phase and compared this condition to the one in which the prior task was non-exhaustive. Results showed that the RIF effect was eliminated when the prior task was exhaustive. The results supported the executive control view for the inhibition mechanism behind RIF and further showed that exhaustion of the executive control capacity can impair inhibition in subsequent tasks.

scholarly journals A Terrified Sound Stress Impairs Learning And Memory Ability of Adult Female

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanfeng Gao ◽  
Lingyu Zhang ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
Lin Han ◽  
Xuan Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Sucrose Preference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Effects Of Stress

Abstract Stress, as an important environmental factor of mental health, cannot be ignored. The great physiological difference between males and females implies that the effects of stress may differ by gender. However, few studies have focused on the effects of stress on females. This study investigated the effects of a terrified sound stress on adult female mice.Methods: 32 adults female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group (n=16) and stress group (n=16). Sucrose preference test and open field test (OFT) were carried out to evaluate the anxiety and depression of mice. Spatial learning and memory ability were measured by Morris Water maze test (MWM). Endocrine hormones were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum differential proteins were screened by mass spectrometry (MS). Results: Compared with control group, the sucrose preference of stress group was decreased; in MWM, the escape latency of the stress group was significantly prolonged (P<0.05), and the total swimming distance was significantly increased (P<0.05).Serum T (P<0.05), GnRH (P<0.05), FSH and LH levels decreased; thirty six differential peaks were found by MS, eight of them had high multiples of difference (> 1.2 or <0.8). Conclusion: terrified sound stress impairs spatial learning ability and mental health of adult female mice.

scholarly journals Testing the transdiagnostic hypothesis of inhibitory control deficits in addictions: An experimental study on gambling disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346
Author(s):  
Barbara Penolazzi ◽  
Fabio Del Missier ◽  
Davide Francesco Stramaccia ◽  
Anna Laura Monego ◽  
Luigi Castelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Memory Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Components ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Substance Related Disorders

AbstractBackground and aimsMany psychopathologies, including addictions, are characterized by inhibitory control deficits. In this regard, recent studies on substance-related disorders (SRD) have shown an impairment in the ability to inhibit potentially interfering memories, despite preserved motor inhibition. To investigate whether the same dissociation could also characterize gambling disorder (GD) in a transdiagnostic perspective, we tested both cognitive and motor inhibitory processes through dedicated tasks, for the first time in this behavioral addiction.Methods30 outpatients with GD and 30 healthy controls performed a go/no-go task addressing the integrity of motor inhibition, and the Retrieval Practice Paradigm, a task addressing the integrity of memory inhibition as indexed by the Retrieval-Induced Forgetting (RIF) effect. Self-report questionnaires assessing impulsivity were also administered.ResultsWhereas RIF was similar across the two groups, patients showed more commission errors in the go/no-go task, and higher self-rated scores of impulsivity than controls.DiscussionThe present findings suggest preserved memory inhibition and impaired motor response inhibition in GD, a pattern of inhibitory deficits opposite to that previously reported for SRD. Therefore, although both GD and SRD are characterized by altered inhibitory processing, a more fine-grained analysis revealed a specific inhibitory profile indicating vulnerability in different inhibitory components.ConclusionThe present study highlights the need to investigate the multifaceted construct of inhibition more thoroughly, using performance measures able to assess its various components. This approach would enable to both better characterize different psychopathologies and orient their treatment.

A Pilot Study on the Efficacy of Volunteer Mentorship for Young Adults With Self-Harm Behaviors Using a Quasi-Experimental Design

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yik-Wa Law ◽  
Paul S. F. Yip ◽  
Carmen C. S. Lai ◽  
Chi Leung Kwok ◽  
Paul W. C. Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Prevention Services ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Volunteer Support

Abstract. Background: Studies have shown that postdischarge care for self-harm patients is effective in reducing repeated suicidal behaviors. Little is known about whether volunteer support can help reduce self-harm repetition and improve psychosocial well-being. Aim: This study investigated the efficacy of volunteer support in preventing repetition of self-harm. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental design by assigning self-harm patients admitted to the emergency departments to an intervention group with volunteer support and treatment as usual (TAU) for 9 months and to a control group of TAU. Outcome measures include repetition of self-harm, suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and level of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results: A total of 74 cases were recruited (38 participants; 36 controls). There were no significant differences in age, gender, and clinical condition between the two groups at the baseline. The intervention group showed significant improvements in hopelessness and depressive symptoms. However, the number of cases of suicide ideation and of repetition of self-harm episodes was similar for both groups at the postintervention period. Conclusion: Postdischarge care provided by volunteers showed significant improvement in hopelessness and depression. Volunteers have been commonly involved in suicide prevention services. Further research using rigorous methods is recommended for improving service quality in the long term.

The Effects of a Caffeine Placebo and Experimenter Expectation on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Well-Being, and Cognitive Performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Walach ◽  
Stefan Schmidt ◽  
Yvonne-Michelle Bihr ◽  
Susanne Wiesch
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Being There ◽  
To Receive

We studied the effect of experimenter expectations and different instructions in a balanced placebo design. 157 subjects were randomized into a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two experimenters were led to expect placebos either to produce physiological effects or not (pro- vs. antiplacebo). All subjects except a control group received a caffeine placebo. They were either made to expect coffee, no coffee, or were in a double-blind condition. Dependent measures were blood pressure, heart rate, well-being, and a cognitive task. There was one main effect on the instruction factor (p = 0.03) with the group “told no caffeine” reporting significantly better well-being. There was one main effect on the experimenter factor with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” having higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.008). There was one interaction with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” to receive coffee doing worse in the cognitive task than the rest. Subjects instructed by experimenter “antiplacebo” were significantly less likely to believe the experimental instruction, and that mostly if they had been instructed to receive coffee. Contrary to the literature we could not show an effect of instruction, but there was an effect of experimenters. It is likely, however, that these experimenter effects were not due to experimental manipulations, but to the difference in personalities.

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